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Frequency Differences between Clocks on the Earth and the Moon
Mingyue Zhang, J\"urgen M\"uller, Sergei M. Kopeikin
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.16377

Frequency Differences between Clocks on the Earth and the Moon
Based on general relativity, clock comparisons enable the determination of the gravity potential relative to a stable reference. Lunar surface clocks, owing to the Moon's low-noise conditions, high orbital stability, and broad Earth visibility, are promising reference clocks for global-scale comparisons between terrestrial clocks. Meanwhile, the need for an independent lunar time system-driven by future lunar navigation-requires maintaining links to terrestrial standards. This Letter simulates …