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Machine Mirages: Defining the Undefined
Hamidou Tembine
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13990 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.13990

Machine Mirages: Defining the Undefined
As multimodal machine intelligence systems started achieving average animal-level and average human-level fluency in many measurable tasks in processing images, language, and sound, they began to exhibit a new class of cognitive aberrations: machine mirages. These include delusion, illusion, confabulation, hallucination, misattribution error, semantic drift, semantic compression, exaggeration, causal inference failure, uncanny valley of perception, bluffing-patter-bullshitting, cognitive stereo…