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Prediction: #BCI companies currently focusing on developing an implantable visual prosthesis will soon shift their focus toward more general #neuromodulation use cases to reach economy of scale and recoup investments. #NeuroTech

BCI companies currently focusing on developing an implantable visual prosthesis will soon shift their focus toward more general neuromodulation use cases to reach economy of scale and recoup investments.
The claim that BCI (brain-computer interface) companies specializing in implantable visual prostheses are poised to pivot toward broader neuromodulation applications—for conditions like depression, chronic pain, Parkinson's, or cognitive enhancement—aligns with emerging industry trends. This shift would indeed help achieve economies of scale by targeting larger patient populations and accelerating investment recovery, as visual restoration remains a niche market (affecting an estimated 2.2 …

Principles of Physiological Closed-Loop Controllers in Neuromodulation
Victoria S. Marks, Joram vanRheede, Dean Karantonis, Rosana Esteller, David Dinsmoor, John Fleming, Barrett Larson, Lane Desborough, Peter Single, Robert Raike, Pierre-Francois DHaese, Dario J. Englot, Scott Lempka, Richard North, Lawrence Poree, Marom Bikson, Tim J. Denison
https://

Principles of Physiological Closed-Loop Controllers in Neuromodulation
As neurostimulation devices increasingly incorporate closed-loop functionality, the greater design complexity brings additional requirements for risk management and special considerations to optimise benefit. This manuscript creates a common framework upon which all current and planned neuromodulation-based physiological closed-loop controllers (PCLCs) can be mapped including integration of the Technical Considerations of Medical Devices with Physiologic Closed-Loop Control Technology guidance …

Transcutaneous Interference Spinal Cord Stimulation: Leadfield-Based Pareto Optimization of Electrode Montages for Improved Focality
Mariko Teragiwa, Leonel E. Medina, Alonso Carvajal, Kanata Yatsuda, Wenwei Yu, Jose Gomez-Tames
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21886

Transcutaneous Interference Spinal Cord Stimulation: Leadfield-Based Pareto Optimization of Electrode Montages for Improved Focality
Purpose: This study investigates the feasibility of transcutaneous interferential spinal cord stimulation (tISCS), a novel non-invasive neuromodulation method, using temporal interference to enhance focality and comfort in spinal cord stimulation. The central research question is whether tISCS can achieve targeted activation of spinal cord circuits while reducing unwanted stimulation of skin and muscle tissues, which are common limitations of conventional transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation …

Dual Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Responses of Inspiratory Neurons to Noradrenergic Modulation
Sreshta Venkatakrishnan, Andrew K. Tryba, Alfredo J. Garcia 3rd, Yangyang Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.19416

Dual Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Responses of Inspiratory Neurons to Noradrenergic Modulation
Respiration is an essential involuntary function necessary for survival. This poses a challenge for the control of breathing. The preBötzinger complex (preBötC) is a heterogeneous neuronal network responsible for driving the inspiratory rhythm. While neuromodulators such as norepinephrine (NE) allow it to be both robust and flexible for all living beings to interact with their environment, the basis for how neuromodulation impacts neuron-specific properties remains poorly understood. In this …

Pre-trained Transformer-models using chronic invasive electrophysiology for symptom decoding without patient-individual training
Timon Merk, Saeed Salehi, Richard M. Koehler, Qiming Cui, Maria Olaru, Amelia Hahn, Nicole R. Provenza, Simon Little, Reza Abbasi-Asl, Phil A. Starr, Wolf-Julian Neumann
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.10160

Pre-trained Transformer-models using chronic invasive electrophysiology for symptom decoding without patient-individual training
Neural decoding of pathological and physiological states can enable patient-individualized closed-loop neuromodulation therapy. Recent advances in pre-trained large-scale foundation models offer the potential for generalized state estimation without patient-individual training. Here we present a foundation model trained on chronic longitudinal deep brain stimulation recordings spanning over 24 days. Adhering to long time-scale symptom fluctuations, we highlight the extended context window of 30…

Efficient Artifacts Removal for Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation and a Temporal Event Localization Analysis
Tzu-Chi Liu, Po-Lin Chen, Yi-Chieh Chen, Po-Hsun Tu, Chih-Hua Yeh, Mun-Chun Yeap, Chiung-Chu Chen, Hau-Tieng Wu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11459

Efficient Artifacts Removal for Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation and a Temporal Event Localization Analysis
Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) leverages symptom-related biomarkers to deliver personalized neuromodulation therapy, with the potential to improve treatment efficacy and reduce power consumption compared to conventional DBS. However, stimulation-induced signal contamination remains a major technical barrier to advancing its clinical application. Existing artifact removal strategies, both front-end and back-end, face trade-offs between artifact suppression and algorithmic flexibility. Am…

The role of gain neuromodulation in layer-5 pyramidal neurons
Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia, Christopher J. Whyte, Brandon R. Munn, Jie Mei, James M. Shine, Srikanth Ramaswamy
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03222

The role of gain neuromodulation in layer-5 pyramidal neurons
Biological and artificial learning systems alike confront the plasticity-stability dilemma. In the brain, neuromodulators such as acetylcholine and noradrenaline relieve this tension by tuning neuronal gain and inhibitory gating, balancing segregation and integration of circuits. Fed by dense cholinergic and noradrenergic projections from the ascending arousal system, layer-5 pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex offer a relevant substrate for understanding these dynamics. When distal dendri…

Rapid MRI-Based Synthetic CT Simulations for Precise tFUS Targeting
Hengyu Gao, Shaodong Ding, Ziyang Liu, Jiefu Zhang, Bolun Li, Zhiwu An, Li Wang, Jing Jing, Tao Liu, Yubo Fan, Zhongtao Hu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08688

Rapid MRI-Based Synthetic CT Simulations for Precise tFUS Targeting
Accurate targeting is critical for the effectiveness of transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) neuromodulation. While CT provides accurate skull acoustic properties, its ionizing radiation and poor soft tissue contrast limit clinical applicability. In contrast, MRI offers superior neuroanatomical visualization without radiation exposure but lacks skull property mapping. This study proposes a novel, fully CT free simulation framework that integrates MRI-derived synthetic CT (sCT) with efficient …

Miniaturized optically-generated Bessel beam ultrasound for volumetric transcranial brain stimulation
Yueming Li, Guo Chen, Tiago R. Oliveira, Nick Todd, Yong-Zhi Zhang, Carolyn Marar, Nan Zheng, Lu Lan, Nathan McDannold, Ji-Xin Cheng, Chen Yang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06108

Miniaturized optically-generated Bessel beam ultrasound for volumetric transcranial brain stimulation
Non-invasive stimulation of small, variably shaped brain sub-regions is crucial for advancing our understanding of brain functions. Current ultrasound neuromodulation faces two significant trade-offs when targeting brain sub-regions: miniaturization versus volumetric control and spatial resolution versus transcranial capability. Here, we present an optically-generated Bessel beam ultrasound (OBUS) device designed to overcome these limitations. This 2.33 mm-diameter miniaturized device delivers …