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Saturation of the kinetic ballooning instability due to the electron parallel nonlinearity
Yang Chen, Scott E. Parker
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21680 https://

Saturation of the kinetic ballooning instability due to the electron parallel nonlinearity
The electron parallel nonlinearity (EPN) is implemented in the gyrokinetic Particle-in-Cell turbulence code GEM [Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, J. Comp. Phys. 220, 839 (2007)]. Application to the Cyclone Base Case reveals a strong effect of EPN on the saturated heat transport above the kinetic ballooning mode threshold. Evidence is provided to show that the strong effect is associated with the electron radial motion due to magnetic fluttering, which turns fine structures of the KBM eigenmode in radi…