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Numerical modelling of a partially loaded intermodal container freight train passing through a tunnel
Zhen Liu, David Soper, Hassan Hemida, Boyang Chen
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09591

Numerical modelling of a partially loaded intermodal container freight train passing through a tunnel
The bluff nature of a freight train locomotive, coupled with large gaps created between different wagon formations and loaded goods, influence the overall pressure wave pattern generated as the train passes through a tunnel. Typically, 1D models are used to predict the patterns and properties of tunnel pressure wave formations. However, accurate modelling of regions of separation at the head of the blunted containers and at unloaded gap sections is essential for precise predictions of pressure …