Tootfinder

GW241011 and GW241110 - Exploring Binary Formation and Fundamental Physics with Asymmetric, High-spin #BlackHole Coalescences: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ae0d54 -> Colliding black holes might have formed from earlier cosmic smashups: https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/colliding-black-holes-might-have-formed-from-earlier-cosmic-smashups and https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20251028 and https://www.ozgrav.org/news/twin-black-hole-mergers-reveal-secrets-of-cosmic-evolution/ - two recent detections have given the international LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration new insights into black hole formation and evolution -> Gravitational Wave Detectors Spot Merging Black Holes That Have Merged Before: https://aasnova.org/2025/10/28/not-their-first-rodeo-gravitational-wave-detectors-spot-merging-black-holes-that-have-merged-before/

from my link log —
Source code linking in C2Rust: merging C headers into Rust modules.
https://immunant.com/blog/2019/12/header_merging/
saved 2019-12-27

from my link log —
Source code linking in C2Rust: merging C headers into Rust modules.
https://immunant.com/blog/2019/12/header_merging/
saved 2019-12-27

Mergiraf: syntax-aware #merging for #Git
https://lwn.net/Articles/1042355/

Sources: Nvidia's DGX Cloud is merging with the engineering unit, pivoting from selling cloud services to enterprises to supporting internal AI development (The Information)
https://www.theinformation.com/articles/nvidia-restructures-clou…

Nvidia Restructures Cloud Team After Retreating From AWS Competition
More than two years after Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang shared his vision to develop a cloud service that could rival Amazon Web Services, he has backed away from competing with such firms and last week reorganized his company’s cloud team, according to several people with knowledge of the ...

Forbes: The past, present and future of brain-computer interfaces https://www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2025/10/05/these-are-the-startups-merging-your-brain-with-ai/ Will Part 2 address The vOICe non-invasive vision BCI for the blind? …

These Are The Startups Merging Your Brain With AI
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) sound like science fiction to most people. But this technology is getting real, quickly.

ClustViT: Clustering-based Token Merging for Semantic Segmentation
Fabio Montello, Ronja G\"uldenring, Lazaros Nalpantidis
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01948 https://

ClustViT: Clustering-based Token Merging for Semantic Segmentation
Vision Transformers can achieve high accuracy and strong generalization across various contexts, but their practical applicability on real-world robotic systems is limited due to their quadratic attention complexity. Recent works have focused on dynamically merging tokens according to the image complexity. Token merging works well for classification but is less suited to dense prediction. We propose ClustViT, where we expand upon the Vision Transformer (ViT) backbone and address semantic segmen…

Emerging Cowboys WR Ryan Flournoy gets encouraging update after scary injury https://www.si.com/nfl/cowboys/onsi/news/emerging-dallas-cowboys-wr-ryan-flournoy-encouraging-injury-update

STaTS: Structure-Aware Temporal Sequence Summarization via Statistical Window Merging
Disharee Bhowmick, Ranjith Ramanathan, Sathyanarayanan N. Aakur
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09593

STaTS: Structure-Aware Temporal Sequence Summarization via Statistical Window Merging
Time series data often contain latent temporal structure, transitions between locally stationary regimes, repeated motifs, and bursts of variability, that are rarely leveraged in standard representation learning pipelines. Existing models typically operate on raw or fixed-window sequences, treating all time steps as equally informative, which leads to inefficiencies, poor robustness, and limited scalability in long or noisy sequences. We propose STaTS, a lightweight, unsupervised framework for …

Tiny-R1V: Lightweight Multimodal Unified Reasoning Model via Model Merging
Qixiang Yin, Huanjin Yao, Jianghao Chen, Jiaxing Huang, Zhicheng Zhao, Fei Su
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08987

Tiny-R1V: Lightweight Multimodal Unified Reasoning Model via Model Merging
Although Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, they encounter numerous challenges in terms of reasoning efficiency, such as large model size, overthinking, and compromised accuracy in lightweight scenarios. However, research on the reasoning capabilities of lightweight MLLMs is quite lacking. To this end, we propose Tiny-R1V, a novel lightweight 3B model that achieves faster inference and higher accuracy via a two-stage optimiza…

Netflix is merging Scanline, the VFX company it acquired in 2021, with Eyeline, its virtual production and R&D unit, to form a one-stop shop for digital tools (Lucas Manfredi/The Wrap)
https://www.thewrap.com/netflix-scanline-vfx-eyeline-studios-m…

Inside Netflix's Bid to Supercharge Faster, Cheaper VFX Through Virtual Production and AI | Exclusive
Eyeline CEO Jeff Shapiro and Studio head Kevin Baillie pull back the curtain on the division's work, research and tools, from volumetric capture to generative AI

Family Matters: Language Transfer and Merging for Adapting Small LLMs to Faroese
Jenny Kunz, Iben Nyholm Debess, Annika Simonsen
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.00810 https://…

Family Matters: Language Transfer and Merging for Adapting Small LLMs to Faroese
We investigate how to adapt small, efficient LLMs to Faroese, a low-resource North Germanic language. Starting from English models, we continue pre-training on related Scandinavian languages, either individually or combined via merging, before fine-tuning on Faroese. We compare full fine-tuning with parameter-efficient tuning using LoRA, evaluating their impact on both linguistic accuracy and text comprehension. Due to the lack of existing Faroese evaluation data, we construct two new minimal-p…

Sources: xAI is in advanced talks to raise $15B at a $230B valuation, up from the $113B it reported after merging with X in March 2025 (Wall Street Journal)
https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/elon-musks-xai

Inferring the spins of merging black holes in the presence of data-quality issues
Rhiannon Udall, Sophie Bini, Katerina Chatziioannou, Derek Davis, Sophie Hourihane, Yannick Lecoeuche, Jess McIver, Simona Miller
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05029

Inferring the spins of merging black holes in the presence of data-quality issues
Gravitational waves from black hole binary mergers carry information about the component spins, but inference is sensitive to analysis assumptions, which may be broken by terrestrial noise transients known as glitches. Using a variety of simulated glitches and gravitational wave signals, we study the conditions under which glitches can bias spin measurements. We confirm the theoretical expectation that inference and subtraction of glitches invariably leaves behind residual power due to statisti…

The Thinking Spectrum: An Emperical Study of Tunable Reasoning in LLMs through Model Merging
Xiaochong Lan, Yu Zheng, Shiteng Cao, Yong Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22034 https…

The Thinking Spectrum: An Emperical Study of Tunable Reasoning in LLMs through Model Merging
The growing demand for large language models (LLMs) with tunable reasoning capabilities in many real-world applications highlights a critical need for methods that can efficiently produce a spectrum of models balancing reasoning depth and computational cost. Model merging has emerged as a promising, training-free technique to address this challenge by arithmetically combining the weights of a general-purpose model with a specialized reasoning model. While various merging techniques exist, their…

Accretion, Jets, and Recoil in Merging Supermassive Binary Black Holes
Maria Chiara de Simone (RIT), Manuela Campanelli (RIT), Lorenzo Ennoggi (RIT), Carlos O. Lousto (RIT), Yosef Zlochower (RIT)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05883

Accretion, Jets, and Recoil in Merging Supermassive Binary Black Holes
We report the first 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulation that captures the full, self-consistent evolution from the late inspiral through merger and subsequent recoil of a supermassive binary black hole (SMBBH) with misaligned spins embedded in an equilibrated circumbinary disk (CBD). Our full numerical simulation follows the final 40 orbits of the inspiral and merger of the binary, following an initial phase of 165 orbits of CBD evolution toward equilibrium. We find t…

Ugh, after a while I wanted to use "Stirling PDF" again for some file merging and was greeted by lots of cookie warnings and a login wall. Turns out they've gone for an "open-core" model a few days ago…
Any recommendations for alternatives that don't suck (yet)?
#pdf #opensource
https://www.heise.de/en/news/Stirling-PDF-2-0-Major-update-of-the-open-source-alternative-to-Adobe-Acrobat-11095732.html

Boat rental services Boatsetter and GetMyBoat plan to merge; Boatsetter CEO Michael Farb says the combined company is set to have $100M in bookings in 2025 (Ben Glickman/Wall Street Journal)
https://www.wsj.com/business/deals/two-air

Swift Memory Burden in Merging Black Holes: how information load affects black hole's classical dynamics
Gia Dvali
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22540 https://

Swift Memory Burden in Merging Black Holes: how information load affects black hole's classical dynamics
In this paper we argue that the information load carried by a black hole affects its classical perturbations. We refer to this phenomenon as the ``swift memory burden effect" and show that it is universal for objects of high efficiency of information storage. The effect is expected to have observable manifestations, for example, in mergers of astrophysical black holes in Einstein gravity. The black holes with different information loads, although degenerate in the ground state, respond very dif…

BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Merging
Yaya Sy, Christophe Cerisara, Irina Illina
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08599 https://arxiv.…

BaldWhisper: Faster Whisper with Head Shearing and Layer Merging
Pruning large pre-trained transformers for low-resource languages is challenging, as it often requires massive retraining data to recover performance. For instance, Distill-Whisper prunes Whisper by 40% and retrains on 21,000 hours of speech, far beyond what is available for most languages. Can Whisper be made lighter and faster for edge devices in data-scarce settings? Focusing on Bambara with only 32h of speech-to-text data, we propose a new pruning recipe. Instead of vocabulary pruning, whic…

Splitting and Merging of Stagnation Points of Solutions to the 2D Navier-Stokes Equations
Isidro Benaroya, Alberto Enciso, Daniel Peralta-Salas
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.00784 …

Splitting and Merging of Stagnation Points of Solutions to the 2D Navier-Stokes Equations
We construct solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations on $\mathbf{R}^2$ with an arbitrary number of stagnation points which merge and split along trajectories that can be prescribed freely, up to a small deformation.

WBD merging with either Netflix or Paramount should be challenged by US antitrust authorities and would be bad for US streaming market competition (Tim Wu/New York Times)
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/09/opinion/netflix-paramount-warner-bros.html

Opinion | Netflix? Paramount? They’re Both Terrible for Warner Bros.
Either merger would be bad for the country.

Why and when merging surface nanobubbles jump
Yixin Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Detlef Lohse
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22934 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22934

Why and when merging surface nanobubbles jump
Gas bubble accumulation on substrates reduces the efficiency of many physicochemical processes, such as water electrolysis. For microbubbles, where buoyancy is negligible, coalescence-induced jumping driven by the release of surface energy provides an efficient pathway for their early detachment. At the nanoscale, however, gas compressibility breaks volume conservation during coalescence, suppressing surface energy release and seemingly disabling this detachment route. Using molecular dynamics …

Beyond Seamless: Unexpected Defective Merging in Single-Orientation Graphene
Zhien Wang, Jiangtao Wang, Diego Exposito, Andrey Krayev, Shih-Ming He, Xudong Zheng, Zachariah Hennighausen, Ivan Brihuega, Se-Young Jeong, Jing Kong
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21908

Beyond Seamless: Unexpected Defective Merging in Single-Orientation Graphene
Single-orientation stitching of graphene has emerged as the predominant method for growth of large-area, high-quality graphene films. Particularly noteworthy is graphene grown on single-crystalline Cu(111)/sapphire substrates, which exhibits exceptionally planar oriented stitching due to the atomically smooth substrate, facilitating the formation of continuous, high-quality graphene monolayer. These single-orientation stitches have conventionally been regarded as seamless with negligible defect…

Model Merging to Maintain Language-Only Performance in Developmentally Plausible Multimodal Models
Ece Takmaz, Lisa Bylinina, Jakub Dotlacil
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01845 htt…

Model Merging to Maintain Language-Only Performance in Developmentally Plausible Multimodal Models
State-of-the-art vision-and-language models consist of many parameters and learn from enormous datasets, surpassing the amounts of linguistic data that children are exposed to as they acquire a language. This paper presents our approach to the multimodal track of the BabyLM challenge addressing this discrepancy. We develop language-only and multimodal models in low-resource settings using developmentally plausible datasets, with our multimodal models outperforming previous BabyLM baselines. One…

Modeling the Impact of Communication and Human Uncertainties on Runway Capacity in Terminal Airspace
Yutian Pang, Andrew Kendall, John-Paul Clarke
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09943

Modeling the Impact of Communication and Human Uncertainties on Runway Capacity in Terminal Airspace
We investigate the potential impact of communication and human performance uncertainties on runway operations. Specifically, we consider these impacts within the context of an arrival scenario with two converging flows: a straight-in approach stream and a downwind stream merging into it. Both arrival stream are modeled using a modified Possion distribution that incorporate the separation minima as well as the runway occupancy time. Various system level uncertainties are addressed in this proces…

Be affraid #php #laravel

The LCLStream Ecosystem for Multi-Institutional Dataset Exploration
David Rogers, Valerio Mariani, Cong Wang, Ryan Coffee, Wilko Kroeger, Murali Shankar, Hans Thorsten Schwander, Tom Beck, Fr\'ed\'eric Poitevin, Jana Thayer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.04012

The LCLStream Ecosystem for Multi-Institutional Dataset Exploration
We describe a new end-to-end experimental data streaming framework designed from the ground up to support new types of applications -- AI training, extremely high-rate X-ray time-of-flight analysis, crystal structure determination with distributed processing, and custom data science applications and visualizers yet to be created. Throughout, we use design choices merging cloud microservices with traditional HPC batch execution models for security and flexibility. This project makes a unique con…

Replaced article(s) found for cs.IT. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.IT/new
[1/1]:
- Algorithmic randomness and the weak merging of computable probability measures
Simon M. Huttegger, Sean Walsh, Francesca Zaffora Blando

Are Robust LLM Fingerprints Adversarially Robust?
Anshul Nasery, Edoardo Contente, Alkin Kaz, Pramod Viswanath, Sewoong Oh
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26598 https://

Are Robust LLM Fingerprints Adversarially Robust?
Model fingerprinting has emerged as a promising paradigm for claiming model ownership. However, robustness evaluations of these schemes have mostly focused on benign perturbations such as incremental fine-tuning, model merging, and prompting. Lack of systematic investigations into {\em adversarial robustness} against a malicious model host leaves current systems vulnerable. To bridge this gap, we first define a concrete, practical threat model against model fingerprinting. We then take a critic…

Photographic Conviviality: A Synchronic and Symbiotic Photographic Experience through a Body Paint Workshop
Chinatsu Ozawa, Tatsuya Minagawa, Yoichi Ochiai
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25968

Photographic Conviviality: A Synchronic and Symbiotic Photographic Experience through a Body Paint Workshop
This study explores "Photo Tattooing," merging photography and body ornamentation, and introduces the concept of "Photographic Conviviality." Using our instant camera that prints images onto mesh screens for immediate body art, we examine how this integration affects personal expression and challenges traditional photography. Workshops revealed that this fusion redefines photography's role, fostering intimacy and shared experiences, and opens new avenues for self-expression by transforming stat…

Good things always come in 3s: trimodality in the binary black-hole chirp-mass distribution supports bimodal black-hole formation
Reinhold Willcox, Fabian R. N. Schneider, Eva Laplace, Philipp Podsiadlowski, Kiril Maltsev, Ilya Mandel, Pablo Marchant, Hugues Sana, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Thomas Hertog
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07573

Good things always come in 3s: trimodality in the binary black-hole chirp-mass distribution supports bimodal black-hole formation
The latest GWTC-4 release from the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) collaboration nearly doubles the known population of double compact object mergers and reveals a new trimodal structure in the chirp-mass distribution of merging binary black holes (BBHs) below 30 Msun. Recent detailed stellar evolution models show that features in the pre-collapse cores of massive stars produce a bimodal black hole (BH) mass distribution, which naturally extends to a trimodal BBH chirp-mass distribution. Both distributi…

Optimizing Antihydrogen Production via Slow Plasma Merging
E D Hunter, M Bumbar, C Amsler, M Bayo, H Breuker, M Cerwenka, G Costantini, R Ferragut, M Giammarchi, A Gligorova, G Gosta, M Hori, C Killian, V Kraxberger, N Kuroda, A Lanz, M Leali, G Maero, C Malbrunot, V Mascagna, Y Matsuda, S Migliorati, D J Murtagh, M Rom\'e, R E Sheldon, M C Simon, M Tajima, V Toso, S Ulmer, L Venturelli, A Weiser, E Widmann

FlyLoRA: Boosting Task Decoupling and Parameter Efficiency via Implicit Rank-Wise Mixture-of-Experts
Heming Zou, Yunliang Zang, Wutong Xu, Yao Zhu, Xiangyang Ji
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08396

FlyLoRA: Boosting Task Decoupling and Parameter Efficiency via Implicit Rank-Wise Mixture-of-Experts
Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a widely used parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for foundation models, but it suffers from parameter interference, resulting in suboptimal performance. Although Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)-based LoRA variants show promise in mitigating intra-task correlations in single-task instruction tuning, they introduce additional router parameters and remain ineffective in multi-task model merging where inter-task interference arises. Inspired by the fly olfactory circuit, …

Quasinormal modes from numerical relativity with Bayesian inference
Richard Dyer, Christopher J. Moore
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11783 https://arxiv.org/p…

Quasinormal modes from numerical relativity with Bayesian inference
Numerical relativity (NR) enables the study of physics in strong and dynamical gravitational fields and provides predictions for the gravitational-wave signals produced by merging black holes. Despite the impressive accuracy of modern codes, the resulting waveforms inevitably contain numerical uncertainties. Quantifying these uncertainties is important, especially for studies probing subdominant or nonlinear effects around the merger and ringdown. This paper describes a flexible Gaussian-proces…

Dynamical evolution timescales for the supermassive black hole system in the galaxy NGC 7727 (Arp 222)
P. Berczik, M. Ishchenko, O. Veles, M. Sobolenko, K. Voggel, C. M. Boily, E. Polyachenko, R. State
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02974

Dynamical evolution timescales for the supermassive black hole system in the galaxy NGC 7727 (Arp 222)
Context. A dual active galactic nucleus candidate with a separation of only 500 pc was recently found in NGC 7727. According to the hierarchical merging scenario, such objects would be expected to merge on a timescale of a few hundred Myr. However, estimating the accurate merging timescales for the two nuclei is still a complex challenge. Aims. Using our numerical N-body code, we can trace the full evolution of central black holes during all phases: dynamical friction of unbound black holes, bi…

Replaced article(s) found for cs.AR. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AR/new
[1/1]:
- OptGM: An Optimized Gate Merging Method to Mitigate NBTI in Digital Circuits
Maryam Ghane, Amir M. Hajisadeghi, Hamid R. Zarandi

Had a nearly perfect setup at my best run so far! Merging two red cats is the ultimate goal and I was soooo close at the end!!!

Hybrid Graph Embeddings and Louvain Algorithm for Unsupervised Community Detection
Dalila Khettaf, Djamel Djenouri, Zeinab Rezaeifar, Youcef Djenouri
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23411

Hybrid Graph Embeddings and Louvain Algorithm for Unsupervised Community Detection
This paper proposes a novel community detection method that integrates the Louvain algorithm with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), enabling the discovery of communities without prior knowledge. Compared to most existing solutions, the proposed method does not require prior knowledge of the number of communities. It enhances the Louvain algorithm using node embeddings generated by a GNN to capture richer structural and feature information. Furthermore, it introduces a merging algorithm to refine th…

Toronto-based quantum computing company Xanadu says it will go public in the US and Canada via a SPAC, in a deal that values the combined business at ~$3.6B (Josh Scott/BetaKit)
https://betakit.com/xanadu-to-go-public-on-nasdaq-and-tsx-in-3-6-billion-u…

Xanadu to go public on Nasdaq and TSX in $3.6-billion USD SPAC deal
Toronto-based quantum computing firm Xanadu has struck a deal to go public by merging with a SPAC called Crane Harbor Acquisition Corp.

Replaced article(s) found for cs.CV. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.CV/new
[10/11]:
- AdaRank: Adaptive Rank Pruning for Enhanced Model Merging
Chanhyuk Lee, Jiho Choi, Chanryeol Lee, Donggyun Kim, Seunghoon Hong

Interviews with Panos Panay and other Amazon execs about Alexa , recruiting from Microsoft's hardware team, merging hardware and software teams like Apple, more (Mark Gurman/Bloomberg)
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/20

The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Influence of Mergers on Radial Profiles of Star-Formation Properties
Y. Garay-Solis, J. K. Barrera-Ballesteros, L. Carigi, D. Colombo, S. F. S\'anchez, A. Z. Lugo-Aranda, V. Villanueva, T. Wong, A. D. Bolatto
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21852

The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Influence of Mergers on Radial Profiles of Star-Formation Properties
In this study, we investigate how the merging process influences the radial variations of the specific Star Formation Rate (sSFR), Star Formation Efficiency (SFE), and molecular gas fraction (fmol ) in galaxies. We analyse 33 isolated galaxies and 34 galaxies in four different merger stages from pairs, merging galaxies, post-mergers, and merger remnants. Our sample is included in the EDGE-CALIFA survey, which provides spatially resolved optical integral-field unit and CO spectroscopy data. We s…

Replaced article(s) found for cs.AI. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AI/new
[4/17]:
- The Thinking Spectrum: An Empirical Study of Tunable Reasoning in LLMs through Model Merging
Xiaochong Lan, Yu Zheng, Shiteng Cao, Yong Li

Studying the gravitational-wave population without looking that FAR out
Noah E. Wolfe, Matthew Mould, Jack Heinzel, Salvatore Vitale
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06220 https://

Studying the gravitational-wave population without looking that FAR out
From catalogs of gravitational-wave transients, the population-level properties of their sources and the formation channels of merging compact binaries can be constrained. However, astrophysical conclusions can be biased by misspecification or misestimation of the population likelihood. Despite detection thresholds on the false-alarm rate (FAR) or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the current catalog is likely contaminated by noise transients. Further, computing the population likelihood becomes les…

The chemodynamical memory of a major merger in a NIHAO-UHD Milky Way analogue I: A golden thread through time and space
Sven Buder, Tobias Buck, \'Asa Sk\'ulad\'ottir, Melissa Ness, Madeleine McKenzie, Stephanie Monty
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11284

The chemodynamical memory of a major merger in a NIHAO-UHD Milky Way analogue I: A golden thread through time and space
Understanding how the Milky Way's present-day structure was shaped by past major mergers is a key goal of Galactic archaeology. The chemical and dynamical structure of the Galaxy retains the imprint of such events, including a major accretion episode around 8-10 Gyr ago. Recent findings suggest that present-day orbital energy correlates with stellar chemistry and birth location within the merging progenitor galaxy. Using a high-resolution NIHAO-UHD cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way…

On the Frequency of Multiple Galaxy Mergers in $\Lambda$CDM Cosmological Simulations
Jonathan Mack, Shy Genel
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03525 https://arxi…

On the Frequency of Multiple Galaxy Mergers in $Λ$CDM Cosmological Simulations
Mergers are believed to play a pivotal role in galaxy evolution, and measuring the galaxy merger fraction is a longstanding goal of both observational and theoretical studies. In this work, we extend the consideration of the merger fraction from the standard measure of binary mergers, namely those comprising two merging galaxies, to multiple mergers, namely mergers involving three or more galaxies. We use the Illustris and IllustrisTNG cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to provide a theore…