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A Meta-Analysis of LLM Effects on Students across Qualification, Socialisation, and Subjectification
Jiayu Huang (Minhui), Ruoxin Ritter Wang (Minhui), Jen-Hao Liu (Minhui), Boming Xia (Minhui), Yue Huang (Minhui), Ruoxi Sun (Minhui), Jason (Minhui), Xue, Jinan Zou
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22725

A Meta-Analysis of LLM Effects on Students across Qualification, Socialisation, and Subjectification
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly positioned as solutions for education, yet evaluations often reduce their impact to narrow performance metrics. This paper reframes the question by asking "what kind of impact should LLMs have in education?" Drawing on Biesta's tripartite account of good education: qualification, socialisation, and subjectification, we present a meta-analysis of 133 experimental and quasi-experimental studies (k = 188). Overall, the impact of LLMs on student learnin…