Tootfinder

No, it's neither TCP/IP nor ISO/OSI layers. It's PCI Express.

Overlapping IPv4, IPv6, and TCP data: exploring errors, test case context and multiple overlaps inside network stacks and NIDSes with PYROLYSE
Lucas Aubard, Johan Mazel, Gilles Guette, Pierre Chifflier
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.00735

Overlapping IPv4, IPv6, and TCP data: exploring errors, test case context and multiple overlaps inside network stacks and NIDSes with PYROLYSE
IP fragmentation and TCP segmentation allow for splitting large data packets into smaller ones, e.g., for transmission across network links of limited capacity. These mechanisms permit complete or partial overlaps with different data on the overlapping portions. IPv4, IPv6, and TCP reassembly policies, i.e., the data chunk preferences that depend on the overlap types, differ across protocol implementations. This leads to vulnerabilities, as NIDSes may interpret the packet differently from the m…