
Simulations of the churning mode: toroidally symmetric plasma convection and turbulence around the X-points in a snowflake divertor
Using a reduced MHD model, extended to include field-aligned thermal conduction, we present numerical simulations of the churning mode (CM): a toroidally symmetric, non-linear plasma vortex in the vicinity of the null points in a snowflake (SF) divertor (Ryutov et al., Phys. Scr. 89 088002, 2014). Simulations are carried out across a range of inter-null separations, $d_{xx}$, and inter-null orientations, $θ$, primarily in conditions relevant to the MAST-U tokamak. We find that, when $d_{xx}$ i…