Tootfinder

Cosmic Ray Spatial Distribution and the Galactic/Extragalactic Transition
Paolo Lipari, Silvia Vernetto
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09028 https://arxiv.org/…

Cosmic Ray Spatial Distribution and the Galactic/Extragalactic Transition
Determining the spatial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is fundamental to understand how these particles propagate in interstellar space and to infer their source spectra. The most sensitive method of studying this problem is observing the gamma--ray and neutrino diffuse fluxes produced in the inelastic interactions of CR protons and nuclei with interstellar gas that encode the energy and spatial distributions of the interacting particles. Most theoretical models assume that the spat…

JWST Detection of Hydrocarbon Ices and Methane Gas on Makemake
Silvia Protopapa, Ian Wong, Emmanuel Lellouch, Perianne E. Johnson, William M. Grundy, Christopher R. Glein, Thomas M\"uller, Csaba Kiss, Joshua P. Emery, Rosario Brunetto, Bryan J. Holler, Alex H. Parker, John A. Stansberry, Heidi B. Hammel, Stefanie N. Milam, Aur\'elie Guilbert-Lepoutre, Pablo Santos-Sanz, Noem\'i Pinilla-Alonso

JWST Detection of Hydrocarbon Ices and Methane Gas on Makemake
JWST/NIRSpec observations of Makemake reveal a chemically complex surface and evidence of gaseous CH$_4$. Our spectral modeling indicates a surface composition consisting of CH$_4$, CH$_3$D, and possibly CH$_3$OH, combined with aggregates of C$_2$H$_2$ and C$_2$H$_6$. The presence of C$_2$H$_4$ is also considered given its expected photochemical origin. Both areal and layered configurations reproduce the observed spectrum, with the latter being preferred. This composition confirms earlier hydro…

GRACE: A Language Model Framework for Explainable Inverse Reinforcement Learning
Silvia Sapora, Devon Hjelm, Alexander Toshev, Omar Attia, Bogdan Mazoure
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02180

GRACE: A Language Model Framework for Explainable Inverse Reinforcement Learning
Inverse Reinforcement Learning aims to recover reward models from expert demonstrations, but traditional methods yield "black-box" models that are difficult to interpret and debug. In this work, we introduce GRACE (Generating Rewards As CodE), a method for using Large Language Models within an evolutionary search to reverse-engineer an interpretable, code-based reward function directly from expert trajectories. The resulting reward function is executable code that can be inspected and verified.…

A Review on Phenomenological Models for Chromonic Liquid Crystals
Silvia Paparini
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03266 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.03266

A Review on Phenomenological Models for Chromonic Liquid Crystals
Chromonic liquid crystals (CLCs) are lyotropic materials which are attracting growing interest for their adaptability to living systems. A considerable body of works has been devoted to exploring their properties and applications. In this paper, I endeavour to review some of the contributions concerning their theoretical modelling, aimed at rationalizing experimental observations. The elastic theory of CLCs is not completely established. Their ground state in the 3D space, as revealed by a numb…

ELENA: a software for fast and precise computation of first order phase transitions and gravitational waves production in particle physics models
Francesco Costa, Jaime Hoefken Zink, Michele Lucente, Silvia Pascoli, Salvador Rosauro-Alcaraz
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.00289

ELENA: a software for fast and precise computation of first order phase transitions and gravitational waves production in particle physics models
We present ELENA (EvaLuator of tunnElliNg Actions), an open-source Python package designed to compute the full evolution of first-order phase transitions in the early Universe generated by particle physics models, taking into account several refinements that go beyond commonly assumed simplifications. The core of ELENA is based on a vectorized implementation of the tunnelling potential formalism, which allows for a fast computation of the finite-temperature tunnelling action. This, in turn, ena…

Optimal Control in Infinite Dimensional Spaces and Economic Modeling: State of the Art and Perspectives
Giorgio Fabbri, Silvia Faggian, Salvatore Federico, Fausto Gozzi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.19909

Optimal Control in Infinite Dimensional Spaces and Economic Modeling: State of the Art and Perspectives
This survey collects, within a unified framework, various results (primarily by the authors themselves) on the use of Deterministic Infinite-Dimensional Optimal Control Theory to address applied economic models. The main aim is to illustrate, through several examples, the typical features of such models (including state constraints, non-Lipschitz data, and non-regularizing differential operators) and the corresponding methods needed to handle them. This necessitates developing aspects of the ex…

Sensitivity of Perron and Fiedler eigenpairs to structural perturbations of a network
Silvia Noschese, Lothar Reichel
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16024 https://

Sensitivity of Perron and Fiedler eigenpairs to structural perturbations of a network
One can estimate the change of the Perron and Fiedler values for a connected network when the weight of an edge is perturbed by analyzing relevant entries of the Perron and Fiedler vectors. This is helpful for identifying edges whose weight perturbation causes the largest change in the Perron and Fiedler values. It also is important to investigate the sensitivity of the Perron and Fiedler vectors to perturbations. Applications of the perturbation analysis include the identification of edges tha…

Principled type I error rate inflation in two-arm clinical trial designs with external control information borrowing
Silvia Calderazzo, Manuel Wiesenfarth, Vivienn Weru, Annette Kopp-Schneider
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16348

Principled type I error rate inflation in two-arm clinical trial designs with external control information borrowing
External information borrowing is often considered in order to improve a clinical trial's efficiency. The Bayesian approach borrows such external information by specifying an informative prior distribution. A potential issue with this procedure is that external and current information may conflict, but such inconsistency may not be predictable a priori. Robust prior choices are typically proposed to limit extreme worsening of operating characteristics (OCs) in these situations. However, trade-o…

Steady-state entanglement of spin qubits mediated by non-reciprocal and chiral magnons
Martijn Dols, Mikhail Cherkasskii, Victor A. S. V. Bittencourt, Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero, Durga B. R. Dasari, Silvia Viola Kusminskiy
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13094

Steady-state entanglement of spin qubits mediated by non-reciprocal and chiral magnons
We propose a hybrid quantum system in which a magnet supporting non-reciprocal magnons, chiral magnons, or both mediates the dissipative and unidirectional coupling of spin qubits. By driving the qubits, the steady state of this qubit-qubit coupling scheme becomes the maximally entangled Bell state. We devise a protocol where the system converges to this entangled state and benchmark it including qubit decay and dephasing. The protocol is numerically tested on a hybrid system consisting of nitr…

Towards a topological data analysis for heavy-ion collisions
Federica Capellino, Andrea Dubla, Silvia Masciocchi, Govert Nijs, Daniel Spitz
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02339 http…

Towards a topological data analysis for heavy-ion collisions
The collective expansion of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in heavy-ion collisions suggests that geometry-inspired approaches can be useful in extracting information about the QGP. In this work, a systematic study of observables based on topological data analysis is provided for simulations of heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, we implement persistent homology observables for metric-based complexes in the heavy-ion model Trajectum and provide predictions for Pb-Pb and O-O collisions, whe…

Choked jets in BSG/RSG as possible sources of high-energy neutrinos
Matteo Pais, Angela Zegarelli, Silvia Celli, Enrico Peretti
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22419 https://

Choked jets in BSG/RSG as possible sources of high-energy neutrinos
The death of massive stars is accompanied by the formation of central and accreting compact objects and the subsequent launch of relativistic jets. However, not all jets successfully drill their way out of the stellar envelope. Unsuccessful jets, also known as choked jets, may still produce radiation at lower frequencies by dissipating the jet energy into a pressurized cocoon. This cocoon expands within the stellar envelope and eventually breaks out as a mildly relativistic outflow. We investig…

On the Relationship between Space-Time Accessibility and Leisure Activity Participation
Yuan Liao, Rafael H. M. Pereira, Jorge Gil, Silvia De Sojo Caso, Laura Alessandretti
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10307

On the Relationship between Space-Time Accessibility and Leisure Activity Participation
Understanding how accessibility shapes participation in leisure activities is central to promoting inclusive and vibrant urban life. Conventional accessibility measures often focus on potential access from fixed home locations, overlooking the constraints and opportunities embedded in daily routines. In this study, we introduce a space-time accessibility (SPA) metric rooted in the capability approach, capturing feasible leisure opportunities between home and work given a certain time budget, in…

Monte Carlo parameter study for Seyfert AGN-starburst composite galaxies NGC1068 and NGC7469
Silvia Salvatore, Bj\"orn Eichmann, Giacomo Sommani, Santiago del Palacio, Patrik M. Veres, Julia Becker Tjus
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17751

Monte Carlo parameter study for Seyfert AGN-starburst composite galaxies NGC1068 and NGC7469
Seyfert-starburst composite galaxies host two promising phenomena of non-thermal high-energy radiation. In this regard the IceCube observation of high-energy neutrinos from the direction of the Seyfert-starburst composite galaxy NGC 1068 is not surprising. More recently, another Seyfert-starburst composite galaxy, NGC 7469, has shown hints for neutrino emission at even higher energies. Theoretical investigations could clarify that their so-called AGN corona is the most-likely origin of these ne…