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Lifting of cycles in functional graphs
Tadahisa Nara
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16234 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.16234

Lifting of cycles in functional graphs
For a given function from a set to itself, we can define a directed graph called the functional graph, where the vertices are the elements of the set, and the edges are all the pairs of inputs and outputs for the function. In this article we consider functional graphs on Z/mZ with respect to polynomial functions. The main result describes the behavior of cycles in functional graphs on Z/p^nZ while $n$ is increasing, where $p$ is a prime number.