Tootfinder

Perpetua: Multi-Hypothesis Persistence Modeling for Semi-Static Environments
Miguel Saavedra-Ruiz, Samer B. Nashed, Charlie Gauthier, Liam Paull
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18808

Perpetua: Multi-Hypothesis Persistence Modeling for Semi-Static Environments
Many robotic systems require extended deployments in complex, dynamic environments. In such deployments, parts of the environment may change between subsequent robot observations. Most robotic mapping or environment modeling algorithms are incapable of representing dynamic features in a way that enables predicting their future state. Instead, they opt to filter certain state observations, either by removing them or some form of weighted averaging. This paper introduces Perpetua, a method for mo…

Detecting weighted hidden cliques
Urmisha Chatterjee, Karissa Huang, Ritabrata Karmakar, B. R. Vinay Kumar, G\'abor Lugosi, Nandan Malhotra, Anirban Mandal, Maruf Alam Tarafdar
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21543

Detecting weighted hidden cliques
We study a generalization of the classical hidden clique problem to graphs with real-valued edge weights. Formally, we define a hypothesis testing problem. Under the null hypothesis, edges of a complete graph on $n$ vertices are associated with independent and identically distributed edge weights from a distribution $P$. Under the alternate hypothesis, $k$ vertices are chosen at random and the edge weights between them are drawn from a distribution $Q$, while the remaining are sampled from $P$.…

"Panel’s chair said that most scientific data supports the hypothesis that coronavirus jumped to humans from animals"
**Covid-19 origin: WHO expert group fails to find a definitive answer** | STAT
https://www.statnews.com/2025/06/27/who-expert-group-fails-to-find-definitive-answer-covid-19-origin/?utm_campaign=rss

Spouse is a psychotherapist. I am a heavily-interdisciplinary computer programmer. We both work with complex systems.
We are diagnosing why the heat pump mini-split isn't working as expected
Their first hypothesis, of course, is "communication breakdown with partner unit"
Mine is "configuration error root-caused to bad UX design"
... We were both right

Testing a 95 GeV Scalar at the CEPC with Machine Learning
Yabo Dong, Manqi Ruan, Kun Wang, Haijun Yang, Jingya Zhu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21454 https:/…

Testing a 95 GeV Scalar at the CEPC with Machine Learning
Several possible excesses around $95\,$GeV hint at an additional light scalar beyond the Standard Model. We examine the capability of the CEPC to test this hypothesis in the Higgsstrahlung channel $e^{+}e^{-}\!\to ZS$ with $Z\!\toμ^{+}μ^{-}$ and $S\!\toτ^{+}τ^{-}$. Full detector simulation shows that the optimal center-of-mass energy to study the 95 GeV light scalar is 210 GeV. A deep neural network classifier reduces the luminosity required for discovery by half. At $L=500$ fb$^{-1}$, the …

HypoChainer: A Collaborative System Combining LLMs and Knowledge Graphs for Hypothesis-Driven Scientific Discovery
Haoran Jiang, Shaohan Shi, Yunjie Yao, Chang Jiang, Quan Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17209

HypoChainer: A Collaborative System Combining LLMs and Knowledge Graphs for Hypothesis-Driven Scientific Discovery
Modern scientific discovery faces growing challenges in integrating vast and heterogeneous knowledge critical to breakthroughs in biomedicine and drug development. Traditional hypothesis-driven research, though effective, is constrained by human cognitive limits, the complexity of biological systems, and the high cost of trial-and-error experimentation. Deep learning models, especially graph neural networks (GNNs), have accelerated prediction generation, but the sheer volume of outputs makes ma…

A Truly Subcubic Combinatorial Algorithm for Induced 4-Cycle Detection
Amir Abboud, Shyan Akmal, Nick Fischer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18845 https://arxi…

A Truly Subcubic Combinatorial Algorithm for Induced 4-Cycle Detection
We present the first truly subcubic, combinatorial algorithm for detecting an induced $4$-cycle in a graph. The running time is $O(n^{2.84})$ on $n$-node graphs, thus separating the task of detecting induced $4$-cycles from detecting triangles, which requires $n^{3-o(1)}$ time combinatorially under the popular BMM hypothesis. Significant work has gone into characterizing the exact time complexity of induced $H$-detection, relative to the complexity of detecting cliques of various sizes. Prior…

I will admit that I’m a little surprised for not getting any remarks on this. As I was under the impression that many people using Mastodon are listening to podcasts.
The alternative hypothesis is that the choice of podcast app is very strong and not many are using, or even trying, alternatives. https://hachyderm.io/@al3x/114915731025463996

Diffusion-Based Hypothesis Testing and Change-Point Detection
Sean Moushegian, Taposh Banerjee, Vahid Tarokh
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.16089 https://

Diffusion-Based Hypothesis Testing and Change-Point Detection
Score-based methods have recently seen increasing popularity in modeling and generation. Methods have been constructed to perform hypothesis testing and change-point detection with score functions, but these methods are in general not as powerful as their likelihood-based peers. Recent works consider generalizing the score-based Fisher divergence into a diffusion-divergence by transforming score functions via multiplication with a matrix-valued function or a weight matrix. In this paper, we ext…

Wealth Thermalization Hypothesis
Klaus M. Frahm, Dima L. Shepelyansky
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17720 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.177…

Wealth Thermalization Hypothesis
We introduce the wealth thermalization hypothesis according to which the wealth shared in a country or the whole world is described by the Rayleigh-Jeans thermal distribution with two conserved quantities of system wealth and norm or number of agents. This distribution depends on a dimensional parameter being the ratio of system total wealth and its dispersion range determined by highest revenues. At relatively small values of this ratio there is a formation of the Rayleigh-Jeans condensate, we…

Testing the variety hypothesis
A. Lerario, P. Roos Hoefgeest, M. Scolamiero, A. Tamai
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16705 https://arxiv.…

Testing the variety hypothesis
Given a probability measure on the unit disk, we study the problem of deciding whether, for some threshold probability, this measure is supported near a real algebraic variety of given dimension and bounded degree. We call this "testing the variety hypothesis". We prove an upper bound on the so-called "sample complexity" of this problem and show how it can be reduced to a semialgebraic decision problem. This is done by studying in a quantitative way the Hausdorff geometry of the space of real a…

The rank condition and strong rank conditions for Ore extensions
Karl Lorensen, Johan \"Oinert
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21030 https://

The rank condition and strong rank conditions for Ore extensions
Let $R$ be a ring, $σ:R\to R$ a ring endomorphism, and $δ:R\to R$ a $σ$-derivation. We establish that the Ore extension $R[x;σ,δ]$ satisfies the rank condition if and only if $R$ does. In addition, we prove analogous results for the right and left strong rank conditions. However, in the right case, the ``if" part requires the hypothesis that $σ$ is an automorphism, whereas, in the left case, this assumption is needed for the ``only if" part. Finally, we provide a new proof of an old resul…

Experimental Art should be required to state their Hypothesis and report a Conclusion!
There. I said it.
(actually Udo said it first, 40 years ago)
#unpopularopinionsinpopuloustimes

Thinking about LLMs in the context of Philip Anderson's classic paper More is Different
the reductionist hypothesis does not by any means imply a "constructionist" one: The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe.

Expert-Guided LLM Reasoning for Battery Discovery: From AI-Driven Hypothesis to Synthesis and Characterization
Shengchao Liu, Hannan Xu, Yan Ai, Huanxin Li, Yoshua Bengio, Harry Guo
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16110

Expert-Guided LLM Reasoning for Battery Discovery: From AI-Driven Hypothesis to Synthesis and Characterization
Large language models (LLMs) leverage chain-of-thought (CoT) techniques to tackle complex problems, representing a transformative breakthrough in artificial intelligence (AI). However, their reasoning capabilities have primarily been demonstrated in solving math and coding problems, leaving their potential for domain-specific applications-such as battery discovery-largely unexplored. Inspired by the idea that reasoning mirrors a form of guided search, we introduce ChatBattery, a novel agentic f…

On $NP \cap coNP$ proof complexity generators
Jan Krajicek
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.20221 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.20221

On $NP \cap coNP$ proof complexity generators
Motivated by the theory of proof complexity generators we consider the following $Σ^p_2$ search problem $\mbox{DD}_P$ determined by a propositional proof system $P$: given a $P$-proof $π$ of a disjunction $\bigvee_i α_i$, no two $α_i$ having an atom in common, find $i$ such that $α_i \in \mbox{TAUT}$. We formulate a hypothesis (ST) that for some strong proof system $P$ the problem $\mbox{DD}_P$ is not solvable in the student-teacher model with a p-time student and a constant number of ro…

Replaced article(s) found for astro-ph.EP. https://arxiv.org/list/astro-ph.EP/new
[1/1]:
- Population-level Hypothesis Testing with Rocky Planet Emission Data: A Tentative Trend in the Bri...
Coy, Ih, Kite, Koll, Tenthoff, Bean, Mansfield, Zhang, Xue, Kempton, Wolhfarth, Hu…

Hypothesis Testing for Quantifying LLM-Human Misalignment in Multiple Choice Settings
Harbin Hong, Sebastian Caldas, Liu Leqi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14997

Hypothesis Testing for Quantifying LLM-Human Misalignment in Multiple Choice Settings
As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly appear in social science research (e.g., economics and marketing), it becomes crucial to assess how well these models replicate human behavior. In this work, using hypothesis testing, we present a quantitative framework to assess the misalignment between LLM-simulated and actual human behaviors in multiple-choice survey settings. This framework allows us to determine in a principled way whether a specific language model can effectively simulate human…

Effective sample size estimation based on concordance between p-value and posterior probability of the null hypothesis
Han Wang, Yan Dora Zhang, Guosheng Yin
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16422

Effective sample size estimation based on concordance between p-value and posterior probability of the null hypothesis
Estimating the effective sample size (ESS) of a prior distribution is an age-old yet pivotal challenge, with great implications for clinical trials and various biomedical applications. Although numerous endeavors have been dedicated to this pursuit, most of them neglect the likelihood context in which the prior is embedded, thereby considering all priors as "beneficial". In the limited studies of addressing harmful priors, specifying a baseline prior remains an indispensable step. In this paper…

The Sample Complexity of Distributed Simple Binary Hypothesis Testing under Information Constraints
Hadi Kazemi, Ankit Pensia, Varun Jog
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13686

The Sample Complexity of Distributed Simple Binary Hypothesis Testing under Information Constraints
This paper resolves two open problems from a recent paper, arXiv:2403.16981, concerning the sample complexity of distributed simple binary hypothesis testing under information constraints. The first open problem asks whether interaction reduces the sample complexity of distributed simple binary hypothesis testing. In this paper, we show that sequential interaction does not help. The second problem suggests tightening existing sample complexity bounds for communication-constrained simple binary …

So @…, initial indications are that Tautou (aka (Silver|Wax)eyes have a decisive preference for water sweetened with raw cane sugar over that sweetened with honey... I'm trying to do some more scientifically-legit research to test this initial hypothesis.

Robust Probability Hypothesis Density Filtering: Theory and Algorithms
Ming Lei, Shufan Wu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13687 https://a…

Robust Probability Hypothesis Density Filtering: Theory and Algorithms
Multi-target tracking (MTT) serves as a cornerstone technology in information fusion, yet faces significant challenges in robustness and efficiency when dealing with model uncertainties, clutter interference, and target interactions. Conventional approaches like Gaussian Mixture PHD (GM-PHD) and Cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filters suffer from inherent limitations including combinatorial explosion, sensitivity to birth/death process parameters, and numerical instability. This study proposes an innov…

The spin-orbit alignment hypothesis in millisecond pulsars
Alexandra Lorange, J\'er\^ome P\'etri, Matt\'eo Sautron
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13893

The spin-orbit alignment hypothesis in millisecond pulsars
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are spun up during their accretion phase in a binary system. The exchange of angular momentum between the accretion disk and the star tends to align the spin and orbital angular momenta on a very short time scale compared to the accretion stage. In this work, we study a subset of $γ$-ray MSPs in binaries for which the orbital inclination $i$ has been accurately constrained thanks to the Shapiro delay measurements. Our goal is to constrain the observer viewing angle $…

The second moment of Ramanujan sums
Hong Ziwei, Zheng Zhiyong
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.18395 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.18395

The second moment of Ramanujan sums
In this paper, we analyze $C(x, y)$, the second moment of Ramanujan sums. Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis, we derive an asymptotic formula for $C(x, y)$ with improved error term precision. The key feature of our approach is that it allows $x$ and $y$ to be arbitrarily close.

McGehee blowup for Lagrangian systems and instability of equilibria
J. M. Burgos
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.19135 https://arxiv.org/p…

McGehee blowup for Lagrangian systems and instability of equilibria
We prove that total instability is a generic phenomenon in the real analytic class of electromagnetic Lagrangian systems under a weak magnetism hypothesis. The main object in the proof is an adaptation of the McGehee blowup for these systems. Together with this result, new criteria for total instability are introduced for both generic and non-generic cases.

Quadratic flatness and Regularity for Codimension-One Varifolds with Bounded Anisotropic Mean Curvature
Mario Santilli, S{\l}awomir Kolasi\'nski
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18357

Quadratic flatness and Regularity for Codimension-One Varifolds with Bounded Anisotropic Mean Curvature
Given a uniformly convex norm $ ϕ$ on $ \mathbf{R}^{n+1} $ and a unit-density $ n $-dimensional varifold $ V $ in an open subset of $ \mathbf{R}^{n+1} $ with bounded mean $ ϕ$-curvature, under the hypothesis $$ \textrm{$\mathcal{H}^n \llcorner {\rm spt}\| V \| $ is absolutely continuous with respect to $ \| V \| $},$$ we prove that there exists an open dense $ \mathscr{C}^{1, α}$-regular part in $ {\rm spt} \| V \| $. Moreover we prove that the $ \mathscr{C}…

Kibble-Zurek dynamical scaling hypothesis in the Google analog-digital quantum simulator of the $XX$ model
Yintai Zhang, Francis A. Bayocboc Jr., Jacek Dziarmaga
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.10771

Kibble-Zurek dynamical scaling hypothesis in the Google analog-digital quantum simulator of the $XX$ model
The state-of-the-art tensor networks are employed to simulate the Hamiltonian ramp in the analog-digital quantum simulation of the quantum phase transition to the quasi-long-range ordered phase of the 2D square-lattice $XX$ model [Nature 638, 79 (2025)]. We focus on the quantum Kibble-Zurek (KZ) mechanism near the quantum critical point. Using the infinite projected entangled pair state (iPEPS), we simulate an infinite lattice and demonstrate the KZ scaling hypothesis for the $XX$ correlations …

Replaced article(s) found for cs.CL. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.CL/new
[3/3]:
- InternAgent: When Agent Becomes the Scientist -- Building Closed-Loop System from Hypothesis to V...
InternAgent Team, et al.

The Generalist Brain Module: Module Repetition in Neural Networks in Light of the Minicolumn Hypothesis
Mia-Katrin Kvalsund, Mikkel Elle Lepper{\o}d
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12473

The Generalist Brain Module: Module Repetition in Neural Networks in Light of the Minicolumn Hypothesis
While modern AI continues to advance, the biological brain remains the pinnacle of neural networks in its robustness, adaptability, and efficiency. This review explores an AI architectural path inspired by the brain's structure, particularly the minicolumn hypothesis, which views the neocortex as a distributed system of repeated modules - a structure we connect to collective intelligence (CI). Despite existing work, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews connecting the cortical column to the …

Taylors hypothesis and its impact on flux measurements in a forest clearcut
Subharthi Chowdhuri, Ivan Mammarella, Olli Peltola
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12069

Taylors hypothesis and its impact on flux measurements in a forest clearcut
Taylors hypothesis is the backbone to convert observations done over time to spatial information of the flow while carrying out turbulence measurements on a micrometeorological tower. To address its validity over a highly heterogeneous forest clearcut surface, we utilize an extensive Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Eddy Covariance (EC) datasets. The DTS measured space-time correlation curves of temperature fluctuations are used to compute the bulk convective speeds of temperature stru…

Why did the dark matter hypothesis supersede modified gravity in the 1980s?
Antonis Antoniou
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11598 https://

Why did the dark matter hypothesis supersede modified gravity in the 1980s?
In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis o…

A general randomized test for Alpha
Daniele Massacci, Lucio Sarno, Lorenzo Trapani, Pierluigi Vallarino
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17599 https://arxiv.org/…

A general randomized test for Alpha
We propose a methodology to construct tests for the null hypothesis that the pricing errors of a panel of asset returns are jointly equal to zero in a linear factor asset pricing model -- that is, the null of "zero alpha". We consider, as a leading example, a model with observable, tradable factors, but we also develop extensions to accommodate for non-tradable and latent factors. The test is based on equation-by-equation estimation, using a randomized version of the estimated alphas, which onl…

“I have a hypothesis: all of these [Women in Tech] initiatives are operating in closed and exclusive spaces, which is sending a strong signal to the male majority with the power to affect real change that they are not welcome here, and it is not their problem to solve.” —@…

Why Women in Tech isn't enough
Women in Tech spaces help, but fall short in the long run. Real progress needs systemic change and active involvement from men in positions of power.

Magnetic braking and dynamo evolution of $\beta$ Hydri
A. R. G. Santos, T. S. Metcalfe, O. Kochukhov, T. R. Ayres, R. Gafeira, T. L. Campante
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17049

Magnetic braking and dynamo evolution of $β$ Hydri
The evolution of magnetic braking and dynamo processes in subgiant stars is essential for understanding how these stars lose angular momentum. We investigate the magnetic braking and dynamo evolution of $β$ Hydri, a G-type subgiant, to test the hypothesis of weakened magnetic braking and the potential rejuvenation of large-scale magnetic fields. We analyze spectropolarimetric observations from HARPS (HARPSpol; polarimetric mode of High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher), and combine the…

Trilobite tridents: hydrodynamic lift and stability mechanisms for queue formation
Hugh A. Trenchard, Carlton E. Brett, Matjaz Perc
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15922

Trilobite tridents: hydrodynamic lift and stability mechanisms for queue formation
The bizarre trident-like cephalic projections of Walliserops trifurcatus have previously been interpreted as sexually selected weapons for intraspecific combat. We propose an alternative hypothesis grounded in biomechanics and collective behavior, that tridents evolved as adaptations for hydrodynamic lift and queue stability, conferring energetic advantages during group locomotion. Under this hypothesis, lift could offset gravitational forces, enabling greater locomotor efficiency, while mechan…

Hypothesis testing for quantitative trait locus effects in both location and scale in genetic backcross studies
Guanfu Liu, Pengfei Li, Yukun Liu, Xiaolong Pu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14253

Hypothesis testing for quantitative trait locus effects in both location and scale in genetic backcross studies
Testing the existence of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) effect is an important task in QTL mapping studies. Most studies concentrate on the case where the phenotype distributions of different QTL groups follow normal distributions with the same unknown variance. In this paper we make a more general assumption that the phenotype distributions come from a location-scale distribution family. We derive the limiting distribution of the LRT for the existence of the QTL effect in both location and s…

A Generalized Graph Signal Processing Framework for Multiple Hypothesis Testing over Networks
Xingchao Jian, Martin G\"olz, Feng Ji, Wee Peng Tay, Abdelhak M. Zoubir
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.03496

A Generalized Graph Signal Processing Framework for Multiple Hypothesis Testing over Networks
We consider the multiple hypothesis testing (MHT) problem over the joint domain formed by a graph and a measure space. On each sample point of this joint domain, we assign a hypothesis test and a corresponding $p$-value. The goal is to make decisions for all hypotheses simultaneously, using all available $p$-values. In practice, this problem resembles the detection problem over a sensor network during a period of time. To solve this problem, we extend the traditional two-groups model such that …

The Lock-in Hypothesis: Stagnation by Algorithm
Tianyi Alex Qiu, Zhonghao He, Tejasveer Chugh, Max Kleiman-Weiner
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06166 https://…

The Lock-in Hypothesis: Stagnation by Algorithm
The training and deployment of large language models (LLMs) create a feedback loop with human users: models learn human beliefs from data, reinforce these beliefs with generated content, reabsorb the reinforced beliefs, and feed them back to users again and again. This dynamic resembles an echo chamber. We hypothesize that this feedback loop entrenches the existing values and beliefs of users, leading to a loss of diversity and potentially the lock-in of false beliefs. We formalize this hypothe…

The AI Ethical Resonance Hypothesis: The Possibility of Discovering Moral Meta-Patterns in AI Systems
Tomasz Zgliczy\'nski-Cuber
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11552

The AI Ethical Resonance Hypothesis: The Possibility of Discovering Moral Meta-Patterns in AI Systems
This paper presents a theoretical framework for the AI ethical resonance hypothesis, which proposes that advanced AI systems with purposefully designed cognitive structures ("ethical resonators") may emerge with the ability to identify subtle moral patterns that are invisible to the human mind. The paper explores the possibility that by processing and synthesizing large amounts of ethical contexts, AI systems may discover moral meta-patterns that transcend cultural, historical, and individual b…

Antibody Consumption-Driven Dynamic Competition: A Systems Hypothesis for the Transition from Acute Immune Response to Post-Infection Sequelae
Shi Qiru
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06413

Antibody Consumption-Driven Dynamic Competition: A Systems Hypothesis for the Transition from Acute Immune Response to Post-Infection Sequelae
The mechanisms underlying the formation of post-infection sequelae are complex and remain controversial. This hypothesis integrates Bystryn's antibody feedback phenomenon and Imbiakha's immune cost theory, proposing for the first time a "Consumption-Driven Dynamic Competition of Antibody Clones" mechanism. This mechanism posits that the immune system may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of corresponding B cell clones by sensing and responding to the consumption rate of specific an…

The measurement of the $^{99}$Tc $\beta$-decay spectrum and its implications for the effective value of weak axial coupling
J. W. Song, M. Ramalho, M. K. Lee, G. B. Kim, I. Kim, H. L. Kim, Y. C. Lee, K. R. Woo, J. Kotila, J. Kostensalo, J. Suhonen, H. J. Kim
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17544

The measurement of the $^{99}$Tc $β$-decay spectrum and its implications for the effective value of weak axial coupling
Measurements of $β$-spectral shapes is an important way to examine the effective value of the weak axial coupling $g_{\rm A}$. These stu\ dies focus specifically on forbidden non-unique $β^-$ transitions, as only in these cases is the spectral shape directly sensitive to th\ e ratio $g_{\rm A}/g_{\rm V}$. Here, the value of the weak vector coupling constant, $g_{\rm V}$, is fixed at 1.0 according to the Conserve\ d Vector Current (CVC) hypothesis. In previous studies for the fourth-forbidden …

Hypothesis: Fediverse users have more capital/financial privileges than on other social media platforms. Let's test it!
How much cash (€) could you realistically make liquid within 1 year? Including selling car, flat, stocks etc. (excluding debts).
Anonymous & honest! (I'm having a discussion with a person from a marketing department...)
After voting, please boost/share to help get more responses! 😊

Measuring Hypothesis Testing Errors in the Evaluation of Retrieval Systems
Jack McKechnie, Graham McDonald, Craig Macdonald
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07924

Measuring Hypothesis Testing Errors in the Evaluation of Retrieval Systems
The evaluation of Information Retrieval (IR) systems typically uses query-document pairs with corresponding human-labelled relevance assessments (qrels). These qrels are used to determine if one system is better than another based on average retrieval performance. Acquiring large volumes of human relevance assessments is expensive. Therefore, more efficient relevance assessment approaches have been proposed, necessitating comparisons between qrels to ascertain their efficacy. Discriminative pow…

On the Energy Distribution of the Galactic Center Excess' Sources
Florian List, Yujin Park, Nicholas L. Rodd, Eve Schoen, Florian Wolf
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17804 https…

On the Energy Distribution of the Galactic Center Excess' Sources
The Galactic Center Excess (GCE) remains one of the defining mysteries uncovered by the Fermi $γ$-ray Space Telescope. Although it may yet herald the discovery of annihilating dark matter, weighing against that conclusion are analyses showing the spatial structure of the emission appears more consistent with a population of dim point sources. Technical limitations have restricted prior analyses to studying the point-source hypothesis purely spatially. All spectral information that could help d…

If quasars form from primordial black holes
Jeremy Mould, Adam Batten
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11023 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.110…

If quasars form from primordial black holes
We explore the consequences of a novel but increasingly well-supported hypothesis that supermassive black holes may have formed from primordial black holes form ed prior to, and rapidly growing in, the radiation-dominated universe. We show that this hypothesis can predict the luminosity of quasars and their luminosity distribution. With reasonable values of the parameters introduced, these predictions are borne out by observations. The model predicts density evolution in accordance with observa…

Pair Correlation Conjecture for the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function II: The Alternative Hypothesis
Daniel A. Goldston, Junghun Lee, Jordan Schettler, Ade Irma Suriajaya
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06823

Pair Correlation Conjecture for the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function II: The Alternative Hypothesis
In an earlier paper, we proved that Montgomery's Pair Correlation Conjecture (PCC) for zeros of the Riemann zeta-function can be used to prove without the assumption of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) that asymptotically 100% of the zeros are both simple and on the critical line. This is based on a method of Gallagher and Mueller from 1978. We formulate an appropriate form of the Alternative Hypothesis (AH), which determines a different PCC, and, using the same method as above, prove that asymptoti…

LotteryCodec: Searching the Implicit Representation in a Random Network for Low-Complexity Image Compression
Haotian Wu, Gongpu Chen, Pier Luigi Dragotti, Deniz G\"und\"uz
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.01204

LotteryCodec: Searching the Implicit Representation in a Random Network for Low-Complexity Image Compression
We introduce and validate the lottery codec hypothesis, which states that untrained subnetworks within randomly initialized networks can serve as synthesis networks for overfitted image compression, achieving rate-distortion (RD) performance comparable to trained networks. This hypothesis leads to a new paradigm for image compression by encoding image statistics into the network substructure. Building on this hypothesis, we propose LotteryCodec, which overfits a binary mask to an individual ima…

Multiple Hypothesis Testing To Estimate The Number Of Communities in Stochastic Block Models
Chetkar Jha, Mingyao Li, Ian Barnett
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15471

Multiple Hypothesis Testing To Estimate The Number Of Communities in Stochastic Block Models
Clustering of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets can give key insights into the biological functions of cells. Therefore, it is not surprising that network-based community detection methods (one of the better clustering methods) are increasingly being used for the clustering of scRNA-seq datasets. The main challenge in implementing network-based community detection methods for scRNA-seq datasets is that these methods \emph{apriori} require the true number of communities or blocks f…

Extracting the singularity of the logarithmic partition function
Zhe Wang, Yi-Ming Ding, Zenan Liu, Zheng Yan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.16111 https://

Extracting the singularity of the logarithmic partition function
In principle, the logarithm of the partition function and its derivatives can be used to rigorously determine the nature of phase transitions. However, in practice, this approach is often ineffective in numerical calculations, since resolving the singularities of the logarithmic partition function requires extremely high precision data especially when distinguishing between weakly first order phase transitions and deconfined quantum critical points. Based on the finite size scaling hypothesis, …

Strong converse rate for asymptotic hypothesis testing in type III
Nicholas Laracuente, Marius Junge
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07989 https://

Strong converse rate for asymptotic hypothesis testing in type III
We extend from the hyperfinite setting to general von Neumann algebras Mosonyi and Ogawa's (2015) and Mosonyi and Hiai's (2023) results showing the operational interpretation of sandwiched relative Rényi entropy in the strong converse of hypothesis testing. The specific task is to distinguish between two quantum states given many copies. We use a reduction method of Haagerup, Junge, and Xu (2010) to approximate relative entropy inequalities in an arbitrary von Neumann algebra by those in finit…

Replaced article(s) found for math.GM. https://arxiv.org/list/math.GM/new
[1/1]:
- A Majorana Relativistic Quantum Spectral Approach to the Riemann Hypothesis in (1 1)-Dimensional ...
Fabrizio Tamburini (Rotonium - Quantum Computing, Le Village by CA, Padova, Italy)

On the Existence of Unbiased Hypothesis Tests: An Algebraic Approach
Andrew McCormack
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08259 https://arxiv.…

On the Existence of Unbiased Hypothesis Tests: An Algebraic Approach
In hypothesis testing problems the property of strict unbiasedness describes whether a test is able to discriminate, in the sense of a difference in power, between any distribution in the null hypothesis space and any distribution in the alternative hypothesis space. In this work we examine conditions under which unbiased tests exist for discrete statistical models. It is shown that the existence of an unbiased test can be reduced to an algebraic criterion; an unbiased test exists if and only i…

False signatures of non-ergodic behavior in disordered quantum many-body systems
Adith Sai Aramthottil, Ali Emami Kopaei, Piotr Sierant, Lev Vidmar, Jakub Zakrzewski
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16567

False signatures of non-ergodic behavior in disordered quantum many-body systems
Ergodic isolated quantum many-body systems satisfy the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), i.e., the expectation values of local observables in the system's eigenstates approach the predictions of the microcanonical ensemble. However, the ETH does not specify what happens to expectation values of local observables within an energy window when the average over disorder realizations is taken. As a result, the expectation values of local observables can be distributed over a relatively wid…

Fractal Social Dynamics as a Driver of Consensus and Inequality
Airton Deppman
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13849 https://arxiv.org/pdf…

Fractal Social Dynamics as a Driver of Consensus and Inequality
Human social behavior is organized in stratified, hierarchical networks, with a support group with about 5 members, expanding proportionally at each layer up to a maximum of approximately 150 frequent interactions per individual. This is known as Social Brain Hypothesis, and its findings are supported by psychological and neurological evidence. The fractal network framework provides valuable insights into social phenomena such as the spread of fake news and the development of technology. This s…

Scientists Discover New World In Our Solar System: ‘Ammonite’ https://www.404media.co/scientists-discover-new-world-in-our-solar-system-ammonite/

On the dynamics of a semigroup and its relation with the Riemann Hypothesis
Carlos F. \'Alvarez, Juan Manzur
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03625 https://

On the dynamics of a semigroup and its relation with the Riemann Hypothesis
The semigroup of weighted composition operators $(W_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$, defined by $$W_nf(z)=(1+z+\cdots +z^n)f(z^n),$$ acts on the classical Hardy-Hilbert space $H^{2}(\mathbb{D})$, and exhibits intriguing connections with both the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) and the Invariant Subspace Problem (ISP). In this paper, we prove that the adjoint operators $W^{\ast}_{n}$, for $n\geq 2$, are Devaney chaotic, frequently hypercyclic and mixing. In particular, these operators are hypercyclic and discuss …

Building State Machine Replication Using Practical Network Synchrony
Yiliang Wan, Nitin Shivaraman, Akshaye Shenoi, Xiang Liu, Tao Luo, Jialin Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12792 …

Building State Machine Replication Using Practical Network Synchrony
Distributed systems, such as state machine replication, are critical infrastructures for modern applications. Practical distributed protocols make minimum assumptions about the underlying network: They typically assume a partially synchronous or fully asynchronous network model. In this work, we argue that modern data center systems can be designed to provide strong synchrony properties in the common case, where servers move in synchronous lock-step rounds. We prove this hypothesis by engineeri…

Is Earendel a Star Cluster? Metal Poor Globular Cluster Progenitors at z~6: #Earendel within the Sunrise was previously identified as a candidate star or binary due to size constraints placed by the lensing magnification, however recent works have suggested this constraint may be relaxed to even the size of star clusters. Here, we explore the hypothesis that Earendel may actually be a star cluster, and simultaneously evaluate other star clusters within the host galaxy."

I found this a nice and interesting video essay about the Dark Forest hypothesis in sci-fi literature:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0SvgT9Lc2M
I usually don't dare clicking on new recommended channels on Youtube because I don't know if that's some crap…

Violation of Universal Operator Growth Hypothesis in $W_3$ Conformal Field Theories
Dileep P. Jatkar, Sujoy Mahato, Sukrut Mondkar, Praveen Thalore
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01957

Violation of Universal Operator Growth Hypothesis in $W_3$ Conformal Field Theories
We show that a large central charge conformal field theory with $W_3$ symmetry exhibits violation of the conjectured operator growth bound if the Liouvillian is modified to incorporate $W_3$ generators. We get 23 classes of Lanczos coefficients, obtained by the action of the Liouvillian on a descendant state. Among these, 10 classes of Lanczos coefficients violate the conjectured upper bound by exhibiting a faster than linear growth with descendant level $N$. Two classes of them have asymptotic…

Toda lattice formed in nonequilibrium steady states of SWCNT
Heeyuen Koh, Shigeo Maruyama
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18412 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.18412…

Toda lattice formed in nonequilibrium steady states of SWCNT
Toda lattice or FPUT chain-like dynamics have been regarded as the prerequisite condition to explain the length dependency of high thermal conductivity of low-dimensional systems at the nanoscale. In this paper, a hypothetical condition is introduced that establishes a theoretical connection between the thermal conductivity of a nanoscale low-dimensional system in nonequilibrium steady states(NESS) and the canonical motion of the equation in the Toda lattice in equilibrium. The hypothesis relie…

Anomaly freedom in effective Loop Quantum Cosmology refined: extended functional dependence of the counter-terms
Maxime De Sousa, Aur\'elien Barrau, Killian Martineau
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14308

Anomaly freedom in effective Loop Quantum Cosmology refined: extended functional dependence of the counter-terms
Instead of assuming that they depend only on the background variables, we investigate the hypothesis that counter-terms appearing in the deformed algebra approach to loop quantum cosmology depend on the full phase-space variables. We derive the associated anomalies and solve the entire system in several specific cases. New restrictions on the generalized holonomy corrections are obtained.

On the Gaussian Assumption in the Estimation of Parameters for Dark Energy Models
Fabiola Arevalo, Luis Firinguetti, Marcos Pe\~na
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05468

On the Gaussian Assumption in the Estimation of Parameters for Dark Energy Models
Type Ia supernovae have provided fundamental observational data in the discovery of the late acceleration of the expansion of the Universe in cosmology. However, this analysis has relied on the assumption of a Gaussian distribution for the data, a hypothesis that can be challenged with the increasing volume and precision of available supernova data. In this work, we rigorously assess this Gaussianity hypothesis and analyze its impact on parameter estimation for dark energy cosmological models. …

If there's a hypochondria and hypothesis, there should also be hyperchondria and hyperthesis.

Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and Random Matrix Theory Universality in Few-Body Systems
Jiaozi Wang, Hua Yan, Robin Steinigeweg, Jochen Gemmer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09011

Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and Random Matrix Theory Universality in Few-Body Systems
In this paper, we study the Feingold-Peres model as an example, which is a well-known paradigm of quantum chaos. Using semiclassical analysis and numerical simulations, we study the statistical properties of observables in few-body systems with chaotic classical limits and the emergence of random matrix theory universality. More specifically, we focus on: 1) the applicability of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis in few-body systems and the dependence of its form on the effective Planck c…

An omnibus goodness-of-fit test based on trigonometric moments
Alain Desgagn\'e, Fr\'ed\'eric Ouimet
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18591 https://a…

An omnibus goodness-of-fit test based on trigonometric moments
We present a versatile omnibus goodness-of-fit test based on the first two trigonometric moments of probability-integral-transformed data, which rectifies the covariance scaling errors made by Langholz and Kronmal [J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 86 (1991), 1077--1084]. Once properly scaled, the quadratic-form statistic asymptotically follows a $χ_2^2$ distribution under the null hypothesis. The covariance scalings and parameter estimators are provided for $32$ null distribution families, covering he…

Few Single-Qubit Measurements Suffice to Certify Any Quantum State
Meghal Gupta, William He, Ryan O'Donnell
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11355 https://…

Few Single-Qubit Measurements Suffice to Certify Any Quantum State
A fundamental task in quantum information science is \emph{state certification}: testing whether a lab-prepared $n$-qubit state is close to a given hypothesis state. In this work, we show that \emph{every} pure hypothesis state can be certified using only $O(n^2)$ single-qubit measurements applied to $O(n)$ copies of the lab state. Prior to our work, it was not known whether even sub-exponentially many single-qubit measurements could suffice to certify arbitrary states. This resolves the main o…

When Does Meaning Backfire? Investigating the Role of AMRs in NLI
Junghyun Min, Xiulin Yang, Shira Wein
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14613 https://

When Does Meaning Backfire? Investigating the Role of AMRs in NLI
Natural Language Inference (NLI) relies heavily on adequately parsing the semantic content of the premise and hypothesis. In this work, we investigate whether adding semantic information in the form of an Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) helps pretrained language models better generalize in NLI. Our experiments integrating AMR into NLI in both fine-tuning and prompting settings show that the presence of AMR in fine-tuning hinders model generalization while prompting with AMR leads to sligh…

SDSO1 is a Ghost Planetary Nebula Bow Shock in Front of M31
Patrick Ogle, Mark Petersen, Tim Schaeffer, Lewis McCallum, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, R. Michael Rich, Biny Sebastian, Carl Bjork, Steeve Body, Sendhil Chinnasamy, Marcel Dreschsler, Tarun Kottary, Yann Sainty, Patrick Sparkman, Xavier Strottner
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507…

SDSO1 is a Ghost Planetary Nebula Bow Shock in Front of M31
We present new, deep narrow band imagery and discuss the nature of SDSO1, the large [O III]-emitting nebula centered 1.5 degrees SE of M31. We find strong evidence to support the hypothesis that SDSO1 is unrelated to M31 and is instead a bow shock driven by a faded, giant (D = 20 pc), 400 kyr-old, ghost planetary nebula (GPN) expelled by the symbiotic WD binary star EG Andromedae. Because EG And lags the rotation of the Milky Way, its hypersonic velocity of 107 km/s drives a shock into the loca…

On the Structure of Replicable Hypothesis Testers
Anders Aamand, Maryam Aliakbarpour, Justin Y. Chen, Shyam Narayanan, Sandeep Silwal
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02842

On the Structure of Replicable Hypothesis Testers
A hypothesis testing algorithm is replicable if, when run on two different samples from the same distribution, it produces the same output with high probability. This notion, defined by by Impagliazzo, Lei, Pitassi, and Sorell [STOC'22], can increase trust in testing procedures and is deeply related to algorithmic stability, generalization, and privacy. We build general tools to prove lower and upper bounds on the sample complexity of replicable testers, unifying and quantitatively improving up…

Practical Short-Length Coding Schemes for Binary Distributed Hypothesis Testing
Ismaila Salihou Adamou, Elsa Dupraz, Reza Asvadi, Tad Matsumoto
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01747

Practical Short-Length Coding Schemes for Binary Distributed Hypothesis Testing
This paper addresses the design of practical shortlength coding schemes for Distributed Hypothesis Testing (DHT). While most prior work on DHT has focused on informationtheoretic analyses, deriving bounds on Type-II error exponents via achievability schemes based on quantization and quantizebinning, the practical implementation of DHT coding schemes has remained largely unexplored. Moreover, existing practical coding solutions for quantization and quantize-binning approaches were developed for …

Modeling Language Evolution Using a Spin Glass Approach
Hediye Yarahmadi, Giuseppe Longobardi, Alessandro Treves
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14375 https://

Modeling Language Evolution Using a Spin Glass Approach
The evolution of natural languages poses a riddle to any theoretical perspective based on efficiency considerations. If languages are already optimally effective means of organization and communication of thought, why do they change? And if they are driven to become optimally effective in the future, why do they change so slowly, and why do they diversify, rather than converge towards an optimum? We look here at the hypothesis that disorder, rather than efficiency, may play a dominant role. Mos…

The Latent Space Hypothesis: Toward Universal Medical Representation Learning
Salil Patel
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04515 https://ar…

The Latent Space Hypothesis: Toward Universal Medical Representation Learning
Medical data range from genomic sequences and retinal photographs to structured laboratory results and unstructured clinical narratives. Although these modalities appear disparate, many encode convergent information about a single underlying physiological state. The Latent Space Hypothesis frames each observation as a projection of a unified, hierarchically organized manifold -- much like shadows cast by the same three-dimensional object. Within this learned geometric representation, an individ…

Experiments to test the hypothesis for solar and dark matter axions
Babette D\"obrich, Igor G. Irastorza
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06414 https://

Experiments to test the hypothesis for solar and dark matter axions
We present a pedagogical introduction to the direct search of axions as dark matter, as well as to searches for solar axions. The plethora of experimental searches exploit the axion's coupling to two photons: They attempt to convert the axion dark matter to photons in a resonator placed in an external magnetic field or convert solar axions into X-rays in a magnet pointing towards the sun. We give a basic introduction to this concept, its many variants and to searches that exploit the axion's ot…

Illuminating the Three Dogmas of Reinforcement Learning under Evolutionary Light
Mani Hamidi, Terrence W. Deacon
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11482 https://

Illuminating the Three Dogmas of Reinforcement Learning under Evolutionary Light
Three core tenets of reinforcement learning (RL)--concerning the definition of agency, the objective of learning, and the scope of the reward hypothesis--have been highlighted as key targets for conceptual revision, with major implications for theory and application. We propose a framework, inspired by open-ended evolutionary theory, to reconsider these three "dogmas." We revisit each assumption and address related concerns raised alongside them. To make our arguments relevant to RL as a model …

Refinements for primes in short arithmetic progressions
Michael Harm
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15334 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.1533…

Refinements for primes in short arithmetic progressions
Given a zero-free region and an averaged zero-density estimate for all Dirichlet $L$-functions modulo $q$, we refine the error terms of the prime number theorem in all and almost all short arithmetic progressions. For example, if we assume the Generalized Density Hypothesis, then for any arithmetic progression modulo $q\leq \log^{\ell} x$ with $\ell>0$ and any $α>\frac{2}{3}$, the prime number theorem holds in all intervals $(x,x+\sqrt{x}\exp(\log^αx)]$ and almost all intervals $(x,x+\exp(\lo…

Learning to Explore: An In-Context Learning Approach for Pure Exploration
Alessio Russo, Ryan Welch, Aldo Pacchiano
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01876 https:…

Learning to Explore: An In-Context Learning Approach for Pure Exploration
In this work, we study the active sequential hypothesis testing problem, also known as pure exploration, where the goal is to actively control a data collection process to efficiently identify the correct hypothesis underlying a decision problem. While relevant across multiple domains, devising adaptive exploration strategies remains challenging, particularly due to difficulties in encoding appropriate inductive biases. Existing Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based methods often underperform when …

Refining Motion for Peak Performance: Identifying Optimal Gait Parameters for Energy-Efficient Quadrupedal Bounding
Yasser G. Alqaham, Jing Cheng, Zhenyu Gan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12751

Refining Motion for Peak Performance: Identifying Optimal Gait Parameters for Energy-Efficient Quadrupedal Bounding
Energy efficiency is a critical factor in the performance and autonomy of quadrupedal robots. While previous research has focused on mechanical design and actuation improvements, the impact of gait parameters on energetics has been less explored. In this paper, we hypothesize that gait parameters, specifically duty factor, phase shift, and stride duration, are key determinants of energy consumption in quadrupedal locomotion. To test this hypothesis, we modeled the Unitree A1 quadrupedal robot a…

System 0: Transforming Artificial Intelligence into a Cognitive Extension
Massimo Chiriatti, Marianna Bergamaschi Ganapini, Enrico Panai, Brenda K. Wiederhold, Giuseppe Riva
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14376

System 0: Transforming Artificial Intelligence into a Cognitive Extension
This paper introduces System 0, a conceptual framework for understanding how artificial intelligence functions as a cognitive extension preceding both intuitive (System 1) and deliberative (System 2) thinking processes. As AI systems increasingly shape the informational substrate upon which human cognition operates, they transform from passive tools into active cognitive partners. Building on the Extended Mind hypothesis and Heersmink's criteria for cognitive extension, we argue that AI systems…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.06003 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_sta…

Binary Hypothesis Testing for Softmax Models and Leverage Score Models
Softmax distributions are widely used in machine learning, including Large Language Models (LLMs), where the attention unit uses softmax distributions. We abstract the attention unit as the softmax model, where given a vector input, the model produces an output drawn from the softmax distribution (which depends on the vector input). We consider the fundamental problem of binary hypothesis testing in the setting of softmax models. That is, given an unknown softmax model, which is known to be one…

Evidence for an Inverse Cascade of Magnetic Helicity in the Inner Heliosphere
Masatomi Iizawa, Yasuhito Narita, Tommaso Alberti, Stuart D. Bale, Axel Brandenburg, Abraham C. -L. Chian, Horia Comi\c{s}el, Shuichi Matsukiyo, Nobumitsu Yokoi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13213

Evidence for an Inverse Cascade of Magnetic Helicity in the Inner Heliosphere
To elucidate the cascade direction of the solar wind turbulence, we analyzed magnetic helicity density spectra from the Parker Solar Probe data across more than 500 heliocentric distances. For the first time, we confirmed a persistent inverse cascade extending from the Sun to Mercury's orbital vicinity. This finding challenges the conventional hypothesis that the magnetic helicity density within the inner heliosphere is random. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a radial sign change of the spec…

The Perception of Phase Intercept Distortion and its Application in Data Augmentation
Venkatakrishnan Vaidyanathapuram Krishnan, Nathaniel Condit-Schultz
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14571

The Perception of Phase Intercept Distortion and its Application in Data Augmentation
Phase distortion refers to the alteration of the phase relationships between frequencies in a signal, which can be perceptible. In this paper, we discuss a special case of phase distortion known as phase-intercept distortion, which is created by a frequency-independent phase shift. We hypothesize that, though this form of distortion changes a signal's waveform significantly, the distortion is imperceptible. Human-subject experiment results are reported which are consistent with this hypothesis.…

Modeling Open-World Cognition as On-Demand Synthesis of Probabilistic Models
Lionel Wong, Katherine M. Collins, Lance Ying, Cedegao E. Zhang, Adrian Weller, Tobias Gersternberg, Timothy O'Donnell, Alexander K. Lew, Jacob D. Andreas, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Tyler Brooke-Wilson
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12547

Modeling Open-World Cognition as On-Demand Synthesis of Probabilistic Models
When faced with novel situations, people are able to marshal relevant considerations from a wide range of background knowledge and put these to use in inferences and predictions. What permits us to draw in globally relevant information and reason over it coherently? Here, we explore the hypothesis that people use a combination of distributed and symbolic representations to construct bespoke mental models tailored to novel situations. We propose a computational implementation of this idea -- a `…

Nearly-Linear Time Private Hypothesis Selection with the Optimal Approximation Factor
Maryam Aliakbarpour, Zhan Shi, Ria Stevens, Vincent X. Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01162 …

Nearly-Linear Time Private Hypothesis Selection with the Optimal Approximation Factor
Estimating the density of a distribution from its samples is a fundamental problem in statistics. Hypothesis selection addresses the setting where, in addition to a sample set, we are given $n$ candidate distributions -- referred to as hypotheses -- and the goal is to determine which one best describes the underlying data distribution. This problem is known to be solvable very efficiently, requiring roughly $O(\log n)$ samples and running in $\tilde{O}(n)$ time. The quality of the output is mea…

Icarus's Orbit as the Ultimate Test for the Vulcan Hypothesis and General Relativity
Souren Petik Pogossian
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.01569 https://…

Icarus's Orbit as the Ultimate Test for the Vulcan Hypothesis and General Relativity
General Relativity (GR) quantitatively accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession observed in several planets' orbits, with Mercury exhibiting the most significant deviation from Newtonian predictions. In the present work, I carry out an in-depth study comparing methods for calculating perihelion advance of inner planets using two methods, one based on the rotation of the Laplace-Runge-Lentz vector and the other on the evolution of the perihelion longitude. I show that, although the two m…

Simultaneous hypothesis testing for comparing many functional means
Colin Decker, Dehan Kong, Stanislav Volgushev
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11889 https://…

Simultaneous hypothesis testing for comparing many functional means
Data with multiple functional recordings at each observational unit are increasingly common in various fields including medical imaging and environmental sciences. To conduct inference for such observations, we develop a paired two-sample test that allows to simultaneously compare the means of many functional observations while maintaining family-wise error rate control. We explicitly allow the number of functional recordings to increase, potentially much faster than the sample size. Our test i…

Jacob's ladders, E. C. Titchmarsh's hypothesis (1934) and new $\zeta$-equivalents of the Fermat-Wiles theorem or connections between Fermat's rationals and the Gram's sequence
Jan Moser
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01706

Jacob's ladders, E. C. Titchmarsh's hypothesis (1934) and new $ζ$-equivalents of the Fermat-Wiles theorem or connections between Fermat's rationals and the Gram's sequence
In connection of our proof (1980) of the Titchmarsh's hypothesis (1934), we have obtained two asymptotic formulae (1991). In this paper we obtain three new $ζ$-equivalents of the Fermat-Wiles theorem based on the mentioned asymptotic formulae.

Vision-and-Language Training Helps Deploy Taxonomic Knowledge but Does Not Fundamentally Alter It
Yulu Qin, Dheeraj Varghese, Adam Dahlgren Lindstr\"om, Lucia Donatelli, Kanishka Misra, Najoung Kim
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13328

Vision-and-Language Training Helps Deploy Taxonomic Knowledge but Does Not Fundamentally Alter It
Does vision-and-language (VL) training change the linguistic representations of language models in meaningful ways? Most results in the literature have shown inconsistent or marginal differences, both behaviorally and representationally. In this work, we start from the hypothesis that the domain in which VL training could have a significant effect is lexical-conceptual knowledge, in particular its taxonomic organization. Through comparing minimal pairs of text-only LMs and their VL-trained coun…

Finding strangelets in cosmic rays from HESS J1731-347, a possible strange quark star using the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
C. R. Das
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12817

Finding strangelets in cosmic rays from HESS J1731-347, a possible strange quark star using the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
The hypothesis that supernova remnants are key sources of Galactic cosmic rays gains support from evidence that HESS J1731-347 one of the few Galactic objects capable of accelerating hadronic cosmic rays to TeV energies may harbor an exotic strange quark star rather than a conventional neutron star. This conclusion stems from its unusually low mass and compact radius, which challenge standard neutron star models. If confirmed, such a quark star could generate cosmic rays through the transition …

Testing Homogeneity in a heteroscedastic contaminated normal mixture
Xiaoqing Niu, Pengfei Li, Yuejiao Fu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15630 https://

Testing Homogeneity in a heteroscedastic contaminated normal mixture
Large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing appears in many areas such as microarray studies, genome-wide association studies, brain imaging, disease mapping and astronomical surveys. A well-known inference method is to control the false discovery rate. One popular approach is to model the $z$-scores derived from the individual $t$-tests and then use this model to control the false discovery rate. We propose a new class of contaminated normal mixtures for modelling $z$-scores. We further design…

Probing vector- vs scalar-mediator dark-matter scenarios in $B\to (K,K^*) M_X$ decays
Alexander Berezhnoy, Wolfgang Lucha, Dmitri Melikhov
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.10801

Probing vector- vs scalar-mediator dark-matter scenarios in $B\to (K,K^*) M_X$ decays
Within the hypothesis of the dark-matter origin of the excess in $B\to K M_X$ decays over the standard-model expectation, observed by Belle-II, we show that: (i) Scalar- and vector-medator scenarios may be unambiguously discriminated by measuring the differential distributions in $B\to K M_X$ and $B\to K^* M_X$ decays. (ii) Combining the available data on $Γ(B\to K M_X)$ and the upper limit on $Γ(B\to K^* M_X)$ provides a tight constraint on the vector mediator mass $M_V\lesssim 3$ GeV. At th…

WIP: Exploring the Value of a Debugging Cheat Sheet and Mini Lecture in Improving Undergraduate Debugging Skills and Mindset
Andrew Ash, John Hu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11339

WIP: Exploring the Value of a Debugging Cheat Sheet and Mini Lecture in Improving Undergraduate Debugging Skills and Mindset
This work-in-progress research paper explores the efficacy of a small-scale microelectronics debugging education intervention utilizing quasi-experimental design in an introductory microelectronics course for third-year electrical and computer engineering (ECE) students. In the first semester of research, the experimental group attended a debugging "mini lecture" covering two common sources of circuit error and received a debugging cheat sheet with recommendations for testing and hypothesis for…

Geo-Somatic Resonance Theory A Vibrational Framework for Sleep as Planetary Entrainment
Brathikan Vijayamohan Mankayarkarasi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14760

Geo-Somatic Resonance Theory A Vibrational Framework for Sleep as Planetary Entrainment
Sleep is commonly studied through neurochemical, evolutionary, and behavioral frameworks, typically emphasizing circadian rhythms and energy conservation. However, these approaches do not fully explain a deeper biophysical question: why does sleep universally involve physical stillness, a lying posture, and disconnection from conscious control? This paper introduces a new hypothesis that sleep is not merely a biological function, but a state of vibrational synchronization between the human body…

Recent Advances and Future Directions in Literature-Based Discovery
Andrej Kastrin, Bojan Cestnik, Nada Lavra\v{c}
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.12385 https:/…

Recent Advances and Future Directions in Literature-Based Discovery
The explosive growth of scientific publications has created an urgent need for automated methods that facilitate knowledge synthesis and hypothesis generation. Literature-based discovery (LBD) addresses this challenge by uncovering previously unknown associations between disparate domains. This article surveys recent methodological advances in LBD, focusing on developments from 2000 to the present. We review progress in three key areas: knowledge graph construction, deep learning approaches, an…

Controlling IER and EER in replicated regular two-level factorial experiments
Pengfei Li, Oludotun J. Akinlawon, Shengli Zhao
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13621

Controlling IER and EER in replicated regular two-level factorial experiments
Replicated regular two-level factorial experiments are very useful for industry. The goal of these experiments is to identify active effects that affect the mean and variance of the response. Hypothesis testing procedures are widely used for this purpose. However, the existing methods give results that are either too anticonservative or conservative in controlling the individual and experimentwise error rates (IER and EER). In this paper, we propose {a Monte Carlo method} and an exact-variance …

On the sum of a prime and a square-free number with divisibility conditions
Ethan S. Lee, Rowan O'Clarey
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11814 https://

On the sum of a prime and a square-free number with divisibility conditions
We prove that every natural number greater than $2$ can be written as the sum of a prime and a square-free number that is co-prime to any prime $q > 3$. We also demonstrate that this result can be extended in a natural way, by assuming the Generalised Riemann Hypothesis is true.

Multiple Hypothesis Testing in Genomics
Shyam Gupta
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.23428 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.23428

Multiple Hypothesis Testing in Genomics
This analysis report presents an in-depth exploration of multiple hypothesis testing in the context of Genomics RNA-seq differential expression (DE) analysis, with a primary focus on techniques designed to control the false discovery rate (FDR). While RNA-seq has become a cornerstone in transcriptomic research, accurately detecting expression changes remains challenging due to the high-dimensional nature of the data. This report delves into the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure, Benjamini-Yekut…

Independent increments and group sequential tests
Anastasios A. Tsiatis, Marie Davidian
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15599 https://arxi…

Independent increments and group sequential tests
Widely used methods and software for group sequential tests of a null hypothesis of no treatment difference that allow for early stopping of a clinical trial depend primarily on the fact that sequentially-computed test statistics have the independent increments property. However, there are many practical situations where the sequentially-computed test statistics do not possess this property. Key examples are in trials where the primary outcome is a time to an event but where the a…

A General Test for Independent and Identically Distributed Hypothesis
Tongyu Li, Jonas Mueller, Fang Yao
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22361 https://

A General Test for Independent and Identically Distributed Hypothesis
We propose a simple and intuitive test for arguably the most prevailing hypothesis in statistics that data are independent and identically distributed (IID), based on a newly introduced off-diagonal sequential U-process. This IID test is fully nonparametric and applicable to random objects in general spaces, while requiring no specific alternatives such as structural breaks or serial dependence, which allows for detecting general types of violations of the IID assumption. An easy-to-implement j…

A Generalized Framework for Approximate Co-Sufficient Sampling
Jie Xie, Dongming Huang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.12334 https://arxiv…

A Generalized Framework for Approximate Co-Sufficient Sampling
Approximate co-sufficient sampling (aCSS) offers a principled route to hypothesis testing when null distributions are unknown, yet current implementations are confined to maximum likelihood estimators with smooth or linear regularization and provide little theoretical insight into power. We present a generalized framework that widens the scope of the aCSS method to embrace nonlinear regularization, such as group lasso and nonconvex penalties, as well as robust and nonparametric estimators. More…