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Network Meta-Analysis of survival outcomes with non-proportional hazards using flexible M-splines
David M. Phillippo (University of Bristol, Bristol, UK), Ayman Sadek (University of Bristol, Bristol, UK), Hugo Pedder (University of Bristol, Bristol, UK), Nicky J. Welton (University of Bristol, Bristol, UK)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10383

Network Meta-Analysis of survival outcomes with non-proportional hazards using flexible M-splines
Network meta-analysis (NMA) is widely used in healthcare decision-making, where estimates of the effect of multiple treatments on outcomes are required. For time-to-event outcomes such as survival or disease progression the most common approach is to model log hazard ratios; however, this relies on the proportional hazards assumption. Novel treatments such as immunotherapies are expected to display complex hazard functions that cannot be captured by standard parametric models, which results in …