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Life history stage effects on alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
Tracey Hammer, Pierre Bize, Benoit Gineste, Jean-Patrice Robin, Ren\'e Groscolas, Vincent Viblanc
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04777

Life history stage effects on alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
When approached by predators, prey must decide whether to flee or remain and fight. The economics of such decisions are underlain by the trade-off between current and residual fitness. The trade-off predicts that (i) breeders should be less prone than non-breeders to flee from approaching predators, as breeders can lose their investment into current reproduction; (ii) among breeders, parents should increasingly defend their offspring with increasing investment into the brood (brood value hypot…