Tootfinder

A Conditional Reduction of the Rational Hodge Conjecture for Threefolds and Deformation-Theoretic Verifications in Several Families
Karim Mansour
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.08321

A Conditional Reduction of the Rational Hodge Conjecture for Threefolds and Deformation-Theoretic Verifications in Several Families
We formulate a concrete geometric approximation hypothesis (Hypothesis~BB) asserting that codimension-$2$ Hodge classes on a smooth projective threefold can be realized as specializations of families whose general members are complete-intersection curves. We prove that Hypothesis~BB implies the (rational) Hodge conjecture for the threefold. We then give deformation-theoretic sufficient criteria (cohomology-vanishing and surjectivity conditions) which imply Hypothesis~BB, and we prove these crit…

Reflexive Modules, the Infinite Root Algebra and the Generating Hypothesis
Oliver House
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07116 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.07116…

Reflexive Modules, the Infinite Root Algebra and the Generating Hypothesis
This thesis concerns the algebraic consequences of Freyd's Generating Hypothesis, and explores the question of whether there exists a self-injective ring R that can be constructed purely algebraically that exhibits some of the known properties of the stable homotopy ring, including some conjectured properties that follow from Freyd's Generating Hypothesis. As an example, we investigate the infinite root algebra of Hahn series P, firstly by establishing results for the related Hahn ring A. In pa…

Hypothesis: Fediverse users have more capital/financial privileges than on other social media platforms. Let's test it!
How much cash (€) could you realistically make liquid within 1 year? Including selling car, flat, stocks etc. (excluding debts).
Anonymous & honest! (I'm having a discussion with a person from a marketing department...)
After voting, please boost/share to help get more responses! 😊

A Comparative Analysis on ASR System Combination for Attention, CTC, Factored Hybrid, and Transducer Models
Noureldin Bayoumi, Robin Schmitt, Tina Raissi, Albert Zeyer, Ralf Schl\"uter, Hermann Ney
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.09880

A Comparative Analysis on ASR System Combination for Attention, CTC, Factored Hybrid, and Transducer Models
Combination approaches for speech recognition (ASR) systems cover structured sentence-level or word-based merging techniques as well as combination of model scores during beam search. In this work, we compare model combination across popular ASR architectures. Our method leverages the complementary strengths of different models in exploring diverse portions of the search space. We rescore a joint hypothesis list of two model candidates. We then identify the best hypothesis through log-linear co…

Symmetry breaking for inductive logic programming
Andrew Cropper, David M. Cerna, Matti J\"arvisalo
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06263 https://arxiv.org…

Symmetry breaking for inductive logic programming
The goal of inductive logic programming is to search for a hypothesis that generalises training data and background knowledge. The challenge is searching vast hypothesis spaces, which is exacerbated because many logically equivalent hypotheses exist. To address this challenge, we introduce a method to break symmetries in the hypothesis space. We implement our idea in answer set programming. Our experiments on multiple domains, including visual reasoning and game playing, show that our approach …

Strong converse rate for asymptotic hypothesis testing in type III
Nicholas Laracuente, Marius Junge
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07989 https://

Strong converse rate for asymptotic hypothesis testing in type III
We extend from the hyperfinite setting to general von Neumann algebras Mosonyi and Ogawa's (2015) and Mosonyi and Hiai's (2023) results showing the operational interpretation of sandwiched relative Rényi entropy in the strong converse of hypothesis testing. The specific task is to distinguish between two quantum states given many copies. We use a reduction method of Haagerup, Junge, and Xu (2010) to approximate relative entropy inequalities in an arbitrary von Neumann algebra by those in finit…

Pair Correlation Conjecture for the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function II: The Alternative Hypothesis
Daniel A. Goldston, Junghun Lee, Jordan Schettler, Ade Irma Suriajaya
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06823

Pair Correlation Conjecture for the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function II: The Alternative Hypothesis
In an earlier paper, we proved that Montgomery's Pair Correlation Conjecture (PCC) for zeros of the Riemann zeta-function can be used to prove without the assumption of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) that asymptotically 100% of the zeros are both simple and on the critical line. This is based on a method of Gallagher and Mueller from 1978. We formulate an appropriate form of the Alternative Hypothesis (AH), which determines a different PCC, and, using the same method as above, prove that asymptoti…

Modelling Skewed and Heavy-Tailed Errors in Bayesian Mediation Analysis
Zongyu Li, Mark Steel, Zhiyong Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.09311 https://arxiv…

Modelling Skewed and Heavy-Tailed Errors in Bayesian Mediation Analysis
Traditional mediation models in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks typically assume normality of the error terms. Violations of this assumption can impair the estimation and hypothesis testing of the mediation effect in conventional approaches. This study addresses the non-normality issue by explicitly modelling skewed and heavy-tailed error terms within the Bayesian mediation framework. Building on the work of Fernandez and Steel (1998), this study introduces a novel family of distri…

Measuring Hypothesis Testing Errors in the Evaluation of Retrieval Systems
Jack McKechnie, Graham McDonald, Craig Macdonald
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07924

Measuring Hypothesis Testing Errors in the Evaluation of Retrieval Systems
The evaluation of Information Retrieval (IR) systems typically uses query-document pairs with corresponding human-labelled relevance assessments (qrels). These qrels are used to determine if one system is better than another based on average retrieval performance. Acquiring large volumes of human relevance assessments is expensive. Therefore, more efficient relevance assessment approaches have been proposed, necessitating comparisons between qrels to ascertain their efficacy. Discriminative pow…

Ad hoc hypothesis - Wikipedia
#conspiracytheories

Efficient Trie-based Biasing using K-step Prediction for Rare Word Recognition
Chin Yuen Kwok, Jia Qi yip
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09196 https://arxiv.or…

Efficient Trie-based Biasing using K-step Prediction for Rare Word Recognition
Contextual biasing improves rare word recognition of ASR models by prioritizing the output of rare words during decoding. A common approach is Trie-based biasing, which gives "bonus scores" to partial hypothesis (e.g. "Bon") that may lead to the generation of the rare word (e.g. "Bonham"). If the full word ("Bonham") isn't ultimately recognized, the system revokes those earlier bonuses. This revocation is limited to beam search and is computationally expensive, particularly for models with larg…

Free Lunches with Vanishing Risks Most Likely Exist
Eckhard Platen, Kevin Fergusson
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07108 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.07108

Free Lunches with Vanishing Risks Most Likely Exist
The hypothesis that there do not exist free lunches with vanishing risk (FLVRs) in the real market underpins the popular risk-neutral pricing and hedging methodology in quantitative finance. The paper documents the fact that this hypothesis can be safely rejected. It performs extremely accurately the hedging of an extreme-maturity zero-coupon bond (ZCB). This hedge is part of a portfolio that starts with zero initial wealth and invests dynamically in a total return stock market index and the sa…

Hypothesis Selection: A High Probability Conundrum
Anders Aamand, Maryam Aliakbarpour, Justin Y. Chen, Sandeep Silwal
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03734 https://

Hypothesis Selection: A High Probability Conundrum
In the hypothesis selection problem, we are given a finite set of candidate distributions (hypotheses), $\mathcal{H} = \{H_1, \ldots, H_n\}$, and samples from an unknown distribution $P$. Our goal is to find a hypothesis $H_i$ whose total variation distance to $P$ is comparable to that of the nearest hypothesis in $\mathcal{H}$. If the minimum distance is $\mathsf{OPT}$, we aim to output an $H_i$ such that, with probability at least $1-δ$, its total variation distance to $P$ is at most $C \cdo…

Minor-excluded graphs and soficity
Oriol Sol\'e-Pi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06731 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06731

Minor-excluded graphs and soficity
A random rooted graph is said to be sofic if it is the Benjamini-Schramm limit of a sequence of finite graphs. Given any finite graph $H$, we prove that every one-ended, unimodular random rooted graph that does not have H as a minor must be sofic. The hypothesis regarding the number of ends can be dropped under the additional assumption that the graph is quasi-transitive.

Experiments to test the hypothesis for solar and dark matter axions
Babette D\"obrich, Igor G. Irastorza
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06414 https://

Experiments to test the hypothesis for solar and dark matter axions
We present a pedagogical introduction to the direct search of axions as dark matter, as well as to searches for solar axions. The plethora of experimental searches exploit the axion's coupling to two photons: They attempt to convert the axion dark matter to photons in a resonator placed in an external magnetic field or convert solar axions into X-rays in a magnet pointing towards the sun. We give a basic introduction to this concept, its many variants and to searches that exploit the axion's ot…

Hierarchy Entropy Degeneration Explains the Rat Utopia Population Collapse: The Role of Full Visibility and Isolation
Alexander V. Mantzaris
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.08587 htt…

Hierarchy Entropy Degeneration Explains the Rat Utopia Population Collapse: The Role of Full Visibility and Isolation
Calhoun's Rat Utopia experiments demonstrated a puzzling population trajectory: initial growth, plateau, and eventually a total collapse of the rat population despite abundant resources. This paper proposes a hypothesis that the enclosure's design enabled full visibility of the social hierarchy (pecking order), leading to entropy degeneration: progressive loss of uncertainty in rats' perceived ranks over generations. High initial uncertainty drives engagement in dominance, reproduction, and car…

Handling Multiple Hypotheses in Coarse-to-Fine Dense Image Matching
Matthieu Vilain, R\'emi Giraud, Yannick Berthoumieu, Guillaume Bourmaud
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08805 …

Handling Multiple Hypotheses in Coarse-to-Fine Dense Image Matching
Dense image matching aims to find a correspondent for every pixel of a source image in a partially overlapping target image. State-of-the-art methods typically rely on a coarse-to-fine mechanism where a single correspondent hypothesis is produced per source location at each scale. In challenging cases -- such as at depth discontinuities or when the target image is a strong zoom-in of the source image -- the correspondents of neighboring source locations are often widely spread and predicting a …

Reconciling Inflation with Hubble Anisotropies
Brett McInnes
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06796 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06796

Reconciling Inflation with Hubble Anisotropies
There have been persistent suggestions, based on several diverse data sets, that the cosmic expansion is not exactly isotropic. It is not easy to develop a coherent theoretical account of such a ``Hubble anisotropy'', for, in standard General Relativity, intuition suggests that it contradicts the predictions of the very successful Inflationary hypothesis. We put this intuition on a firm basis, by proving that if we [a] make use of an Inflationary theory in which Inflation isotropises spatial ge…

The Recursive Panopticon Hypothesis
Xiaoyu Yan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02625 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.02625 …

The Recursive Panopticon Hypothesis
The cosmic "Great Silence" revealed by the Fermi paradox remains a central puzzle in contemporary science. Existing explanations such as the "Big Filter," "Zoo Hypothesis," and "Dark Forest" theory are trapped in isolated frameworks of "hypothesis list paradigm" that resist falsification. This paper proposes the "Recursive Panopticon Hypothesis" arguing that under the uncertainty of recursive higher-order deterrence, cosmic civilizations will universally adopt "silence" as their optimal surviva…

Do Rocky Planets around M Stars Have Atmospheres? A Statistical Approach to the Cosmic Shoreline
Jegug Ih, Eliza M. -R. Kempton, Hannah Diamond-Lowe, Joshua Krissansen-Totton, Megan Weiner Mansfield, Qiao Xue, Nicholas Wogan, Matthew C. Nixon, Benjamin J. Hord
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.08253

Do Rocky Planets around M Stars Have Atmospheres? A Statistical Approach to the Cosmic Shoreline
Answering the question "do rocky exoplanets around M stars have atmospheres?" is a key science goal of the JWST mission, with 500 hours of Director's Discretionary Time (DDT) awarded to address it. Theoretically, the so-called "Cosmic Shoreline" may not hold around M stars due to their harsher XUV environment, possibly resulting in most rocky planets lacking significant atmospheres -- a hypothesis that remains to be statistically tested through judicious target selection. We identify target sel…

Learning with Episodic Hypothesis Testing in General Games: A Framework for Equilibrium Selection
Ruifan Yang, Manxi Wu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.23149 https://

Learning with Episodic Hypothesis Testing in General Games: A Framework for Equilibrium Selection
We introduce a new hypothesis testing-based learning dynamics in which players update their strategies by combining hypothesis testing with utility-driven exploration. In this dynamics, each player forms beliefs about opponents' strategies and episodically tests these beliefs using empirical observations. Beliefs are resampled either when the hypothesis test is rejected or through exploration, where the probability of exploration decreases with the player's (transformed) utility. In general fin…

Is Earendel a Star Cluster? Metal Poor Globular Cluster Progenitors at z~6: #Earendel within the Sunrise was previously identified as a candidate star or binary due to size constraints placed by the lensing magnification, however recent works have suggested this constraint may be relaxed to even the size of star clusters. Here, we explore the hypothesis that Earendel may actually be a star cluster, and simultaneously evaluate other star clusters within the host galaxy."

Adversarial Decision-Making in Partially Observable Multi-Agent Systems: A Sequential Hypothesis Testing Approach
Haosheng Zhou, Daniel Ralston, Xu Yang, Ruimeng Hu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03727

Adversarial Decision-Making in Partially Observable Multi-Agent Systems: A Sequential Hypothesis Testing Approach
Adversarial decision-making in partially observable multi-agent systems requires sophisticated strategies for both deception and counter-deception. This paper presents a sequential hypothesis testing (SHT)-driven framework that captures the interplay between strategic misdirection and inference in adversarial environments. We formulate this interaction as a partially observable Stackelberg game, where a follower agent (blue team) seeks to fulfill its primary task while actively misleading an ad…

On the dynamics of a semigroup and its relation with the Riemann Hypothesis
Carlos F. \'Alvarez, Juan Manzur
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03625 https://

On the dynamics of a semigroup and its relation with the Riemann Hypothesis
The semigroup of weighted composition operators $(W_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$, defined by $$W_nf(z)=(1+z+\cdots +z^n)f(z^n),$$ acts on the classical Hardy-Hilbert space $H^{2}(\mathbb{D})$, and exhibits intriguing connections with both the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) and the Invariant Subspace Problem (ISP). In this paper, we prove that the adjoint operators $W^{\ast}_{n}$, for $n\geq 2$, are Devaney chaotic, frequently hypercyclic and mixing. In particular, these operators are hypercyclic and discuss …

Flatness and Nonforking without the Continuum Hypothesis
Philani Rodney Majozi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.01785 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.01785

Flatness and Nonforking without the Continuum Hypothesis
We investigate the structure of FN bases (Frechet-Nikodym bases) without assuming the Continuum Hypothesis (CH), refining results of Siu-Ah Ng concerning definability via flatness and nonforking. In particular, we examine the dependence of Theorem 3.4 and Corollary 3.5 of Ng's 1991 paper on CH, which guarantees the existence of nonforking primary heirs under specific ultrafilter conditions. We demonstrate that these properties can often be recovered in ZFC by analyzing the behavior of countably…

On the Gaussian Assumption in the Estimation of Parameters for Dark Energy Models
Fabiola Arevalo, Luis Firinguetti, Marcos Pe\~na
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05468

On the Gaussian Assumption in the Estimation of Parameters for Dark Energy Models
Type Ia supernovae have provided fundamental observational data in the discovery of the late acceleration of the expansion of the Universe in cosmology. However, this analysis has relied on the assumption of a Gaussian distribution for the data, a hypothesis that can be challenged with the increasing volume and precision of available supernova data. In this work, we rigorously assess this Gaussianity hypothesis and analyze its impact on parameter estimation for dark energy cosmological models. …

Replaced article(s) found for cs.IT. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.IT/new
[1/1]:
- Tradeoffs among Action Taking Policies Matter in Active Sequential Multi-Hypothesis Testing: the ...
Chia-Yu Hsu, I-Hsiang Wang

Random #Gentoo ebuild hint: while you technically don't have to put Hypothesis in EPYTEST_PLUGINS (i.e. most of the packages will work without loading the plugin), moving it there ensures that the Gentoo profile is selected. This disables the health checks that can randomly break tests when they don't meet Hypothesis quality standards.
#pytest

IRS-Assisted IoT Activity Detection Under Asynchronous Transmission and Heterogeneous Powers: Detectors and Performance Analysis
Amirhossein Taherpour, Somayeh Khani, Abbas Taherpour, Tamer Khattab
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05959

IRS-Assisted IoT Activity Detection Under Asynchronous Transmission and Heterogeneous Powers: Detectors and Performance Analysis
This paper addresses the problem of activity detection in distributed Internet of Things (IoT) networks, where devices employ asynchronous transmissions with heterogeneous power levels to report their local observations. The system leverages an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) to enhance detection reliability, with optional incorporation of a direct line-of-sight (LoS) path. We formulate the detection problem as a binary hypothesis test and develop four detectors: an optimal detector alongs…

The p-value from a fuzzy point of view
Piero Quatto
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07474 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.07474…

The p-value from a fuzzy point of view
The purpose of the paper is to provide a new way of seeing the p-value in terms of a fuzzy membership function. According to the ASAs statement, we aim at removing the arbitrary choice of the significance level and at demonstrating that the p-value can be profitably interpreted from a fuzzy point of view. In particular, we propose a new class of membership functions by viewing the p-value as a function of the null hypothesis and we apply our approach to compare two independent binomial proporti…

LotteryCodec: Searching the Implicit Representation in a Random Network for Low-Complexity Image Compression
Haotian Wu, Gongpu Chen, Pier Luigi Dragotti, Deniz G\"und\"uz
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.01204

LotteryCodec: Searching the Implicit Representation in a Random Network for Low-Complexity Image Compression
We introduce and validate the lottery codec hypothesis, which states that untrained subnetworks within randomly initialized networks can serve as synthesis networks for overfitted image compression, achieving rate-distortion (RD) performance comparable to trained networks. This hypothesis leads to a new paradigm for image compression by encoding image statistics into the network substructure. Building on this hypothesis, we propose LotteryCodec, which overfits a binary mask to an individual ima…

On the Hasse Principle for conic bundles over even degree extensions
Sam Roven, Alexander Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07564 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.…

On the Hasse Principle for conic bundles over even degree extensions
Let $k$ be a number field and let $π\colon X \rightarrow\mathbb{P}_k^1$ be a smooth conic bundle. We show that if $X/k$ has four geometric singular fibers and either $X(\mathbb{A}_k)\neq \emptyset$ or $X/k$ has non-trivial Brauer group, then $X$ satisfies the Hasse principle over any even degree extension $L/k$. Furthermore for arbitrary $X$ we show that, conditional on Schinzel's hypothesis, $X$ satisfies the Hasse principle over all but finitely many quadratic extensions of $k$. We prove the…

Detector Correlations and Null Tests of the Coherent State Hypothesis
Sreenath K. Manikandan, Frank Wilczek
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03367 https://arxiv.…

Detector Correlations and Null Tests of the Coherent State Hypothesis
We discuss the statistics of correlations between two resonant detectors. We show that this allows simple null tests of the coherent state hypothesis, free of vacuum (quantum) noise. Complementary aspects of the radiation field, {\it e.g.}, squeezing in number or phase, can be revealed through appropriate detection strategies.

Head-steered channel selection method for hearing aid applications using remote microphones
Vasudha Sathyapriyan, Michael S. Pedersen, Mike Brookes, Jan {\O}stergaard, Patrick A. Naylor, Jesper Jensen
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06928

Head-steered channel selection method for hearing aid applications using remote microphones
We propose a channel selection method for hearing aid applications using remote microphones, in the presence of multiple competing talkers. The proposed channel selection method uses the hearing aid user's head-steering direction to identify the remote channel originating from the frontal direction of the hearing aid user, which captures the target talker signal. We pose the channel selection task as a multiple hypothesis testing problem, and derive a maximum likelihood solution. Under realisti…

Gauge potentials on the M5 brane in twisted equivariant cohomotopy
Pinak Banerjee
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07049 https://arxiv.org/…

Gauge potentials on the M5 brane in twisted equivariant cohomotopy
In this article, we work out some variations on the discussion of the C-field flux densities in the Sati-Schreiber program. We start by explaining the need for global completion of the field content: the fluxes, the gauge potentials and the gauge transformations on the worldvolume of a single M5 brane in eleven-dimensional supergravity, and how this is encoded by the choice of flux quantization law. \smallskip Assuming Hypothesis H that the 4-flux in M-Theory is flux quantized in a non-abelia…

On admissibility in post-hoc hypothesis testing
Ben Chugg, Tyron Lardy, Aaditya Ramdas, Peter Gr\"unwald
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.00770 https://arxi…

On admissibility in post-hoc hypothesis testing
The validity of classical hypothesis testing requires the significance level $α$ be fixed before any statistical analysis takes place. This is a stringent requirement. For instance, it prohibits updating $α$ during (or after) an experiment due to changing concern about the cost of false positives, or to reflect unexpectedly strong evidence against the null. Perhaps most disturbingly, witnessing a p-value $p\llα$ vs $p\leq α$ has no (statistical) relevance for any downstream decision-making.…

Investigating the origin of the Milky Way streams. A revised look at their orbital pole distribution in light of precession effects
Elena Asencio, Pavel Kroupa, Ingo Thies
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05733

Investigating the origin of the Milky Way streams. A revised look at their orbital pole distribution in light of precession effects
Stellar streams around the Milky Way (MW) can provide valuable insights into its history and substructure formation. Previous studies have suggested that several MW streams could have an origin related to that of the disc of satellite galaxies (DoS) and the young halo globular clusters of the MW, given that many of these structures present a similar orbital pole orientation. In this work we test the validity of this hypothesis by revising the orbital pole distribution of the MW streams with the…

The More You Automate, the Less You See: Hidden Pitfalls of AI Scientist Systems
Ziming Luo, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, Nihar B. Shah
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08713 https://

The More You Automate, the Less You See: Hidden Pitfalls of AI Scientist Systems
AI scientist systems, capable of autonomously executing the full research workflow from hypothesis generation and experimentation to paper writing, hold significant potential for accelerating scientific discovery. However, the internal workflow of these systems have not been closely examined. This lack of scrutiny poses a risk of introducing flaws that could undermine the integrity, reliability, and trustworthiness of their research outputs. In this paper, we identify four potential failure mod…

Bias after Prompting: Persistent Discrimination in Large Language Models
Nivedha Sivakumar, Natalie Mackraz, Samira Khorshidi, Krishna Patel, Barry-John Theobald, Luca Zappella, Nicholas Apostoloff
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08146

Bias after Prompting: Persistent Discrimination in Large Language Models
A dangerous assumption that can be made from prior work on the bias transfer hypothesis (BTH) is that biases do not transfer from pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to adapted models. We invalidate this assumption by studying the BTH in causal models under prompt adaptations, as prompting is an extremely popular and accessible adaptation strategy used in real-world applications. In contrast to prior work, we find that biases can transfer through prompting and that popular prompt-based mit…

Testing the Role of Merging Binaries in the Formation of the Split Main Sequence in Young Clusters
Nate Bastian, Sebastian Kamann, Florian Niederhofer, Sara Saracino
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07708

Testing the Role of Merging Binaries in the Formation of the Split Main Sequence in Young Clusters
A number of theories have been put forward to explain the bi-modal stellar rotational distribution observed in young massive clusters. These include stellar mergers and interactions induced in binary systems, and the role of angular momentum transfer between a star and its circumstellar disk in its early evolution. Each theory predicts unique rotation distributions in various locations of the colour-magnitude diagram. Specifically, the stellar merger hypothesis posits that the upper end of the …

Memory Effects and Entanglement Dynamics of Finite time Acceleration
Nitesh K. Dubey, Sanved Kolekar
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07830 https://arxiv.org/pdf…

Memory Effects and Entanglement Dynamics of Finite time Acceleration
We construct a smooth trajectory in Minkowski spacetime that is inertial in the asymptotic past and future but undergoes approximately uniform acceleration for a finite duration. In a suitable limit, this trajectory reduces to the standard Rindler trajectory, reproducing the expected Bogoliubov transformations and results consistent with the thermal time hypothesis. We analyze the behavior of an Unruh-DeWitt (UDW) detector following such a trajectory and explore the dependence of complete posit…

OmniShape: Zero-Shot Multi-Hypothesis Shape and Pose Estimation in the Real World
Katherine Liu, Sergey Zakharov, Dian Chen, Takuya Ikeda, Greg Shakhnarovich, Adrien Gaidon, Rares Ambrus
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03669

OmniShape: Zero-Shot Multi-Hypothesis Shape and Pose Estimation in the Real World
We would like to estimate the pose and full shape of an object from a single observation, without assuming known 3D model or category. In this work, we propose OmniShape, the first method of its kind to enable probabilistic pose and shape estimation. OmniShape is based on the key insight that shape completion can be decoupled into two multi-modal distributions: one capturing how measurements project into a normalized object reference frame defined by the dataset and the other modelling a prior …

UniAud: A Unified Auditing Framework for High Auditing Power and Utility with One Training Run
Ruixuan Liu, Li Xiong
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04457 https…

UniAud: A Unified Auditing Framework for High Auditing Power and Utility with One Training Run
Differentially private (DP) optimization has been widely adopted as a standard approach to provide rigorous privacy guarantees for training datasets. DP auditing verifies whether a model trained with DP optimization satisfies its claimed privacy level by estimating empirical privacy lower bounds through hypothesis testing. Recent O(1) frameworks improve auditing efficiency by checking the membership status of multiple audit samples in a single run, rather than checking individual samples across…

Comprehensive Analysis and Exclusion Hypothesis of $\alpha$-Approximation Method for Discretizing Analog Systems
Shen Chen, Jisong Wang, Dejun Liu, Jiaxi Ying, Shuai Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02054

Comprehensive Analysis and Exclusion Hypothesis of $α$-Approximation Method for Discretizing Analog Systems
A popular method for designing digital models is transforming the transfer function of the corresponding analog models from continuous domain (s-domain) into discrete domain (z-domain) using the s-to-z transformation. The alpha-approximation is a generalized form of these transformations. When alpha is set to 0.5, the result is the well-known Tustin transformation or bi-linear transformation. In this paper, we provided a comprehensive analysis of the alpha-approximation method, including mathem…

Diffusion-Based Hypothesis Testing and Change-Point Detection
Sean Moushegian, Taposh Banerjee, Vahid Tarokh
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.16089 https://

Diffusion-Based Hypothesis Testing and Change-Point Detection
Score-based methods have recently seen increasing popularity in modeling and generation. Methods have been constructed to perform hypothesis testing and change-point detection with score functions, but these methods are in general not as powerful as their likelihood-based peers. Recent works consider generalizing the score-based Fisher divergence into a diffusion-divergence by transforming score functions via multiplication with a matrix-valued function or a weight matrix. In this paper, we ext…

#Aphantasia and the unconscious imagery hypothesis https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810025001175 mental imagery

On the Complexity of Problems on Graphs Defined on Groups
Bireswar Das, Dipan Dey, Jinia Ghosh
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05860 https://

On the Complexity of Problems on Graphs Defined on Groups
We study the complexity of graph problems on graphs defined on groups, especially power graphs. We observe that an isomorphism invariant problem, such as Hamiltonian Path, Partition into Cliques, Feedback Vertex Set, Subgraph Isomorphism, cannot be NP-complete for power graphs, commuting graphs, enhanced power graphs, directed power graphs, and bounded-degree Cayley graphs, assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH). An analogous result holds for isomorphism invariant group problems: no suc…

Counter-example to continuity of measure in uncountable unions
Simranjeet Bilkhu, Noah Mills Forman
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07168 https://arxiv.org/pdf/…

Counter-example to continuity of measure in uncountable unions
Continuity of measure asserts that the measure of the union of an increasing sequence of sets is equal to the supremum of the measures of those sets. We provide counter examples in the case of uncountable unions. We construct the first counter example on the ordinal numbers, and we show that counterexamples also exist in the reals if we assume the continuum hypothesis.

An examination of the two-peak hypothesis of $P_{\Psi s}^{\Lambda}(4459)$ using heavy quark symmetries
Duygu Y{\i}ld{\i}r{\i}m
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05265 https://

An examination of the two-peak hypothesis of $P_{Ψs}^Λ(4459)$ using heavy quark symmetries
The LHCb Collaboration announcement regarding the observation of the $P_{Ψs}^Λ (4459)$ stated that it might consist of two resonances rather than a single one. Naturally, the structure and composition of $P_{Ψs}^Λ(4459)$ state has prompted significant interest among researchers. Within the framework of generalized flavor-spin symmetry, the $P_{Ψs}^Λ(4459)$ has been correlated with the previously identified as one-peak states $P_c(4450)$, which were later found to be two-peak, $P_{c\bar{c}…

Model-independent measurement of the Higgs boson associated production with two jets and decaying to a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS Collaboration
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07958

Model-independent measurement of the Higgs boson associated production with two jets and decaying to a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A model-independent measurement of the differential production cross section of the Higgs boson decaying into a pair of W bosons, with a final state including two jets produced in association, is presented. In the analysis, events are selected in which the decay products of the two W bosons consist of an electron, a muon, and missing transverse momentum. The model independence of the measurement is maximized by making use of a discriminating variable that is agnostic to the signal hypothesis de…

HypoChainer: A Collaborative System Combining LLMs and Knowledge Graphs for Hypothesis-Driven Scientific Discovery
Haoran Jiang, Shaohan Shi, Yunjie Yao, Chang Jiang, Quan Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17209

HypoChainer: A Collaborative System Combining LLMs and Knowledge Graphs for Hypothesis-Driven Scientific Discovery
Modern scientific discovery faces growing challenges in integrating vast and heterogeneous knowledge critical to breakthroughs in biomedicine and drug development. Traditional hypothesis-driven research, though effective, is constrained by human cognitive limits, the complexity of biological systems, and the high cost of trial-and-error experimentation. Deep learning models, especially graph neural networks (GNNs), have accelerated prediction generation, but the sheer volume of outputs makes ma…

Perpetua: Multi-Hypothesis Persistence Modeling for Semi-Static Environments
Miguel Saavedra-Ruiz, Samer B. Nashed, Charlie Gauthier, Liam Paull
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18808

Perpetua: Multi-Hypothesis Persistence Modeling for Semi-Static Environments
Many robotic systems require extended deployments in complex, dynamic environments. In such deployments, parts of the environment may change between subsequent robot observations. Most robotic mapping or environment modeling algorithms are incapable of representing dynamic features in a way that enables predicting their future state. Instead, they opt to filter certain state observations, either by removing them or some form of weighted averaging. This paper introduces Perpetua, a method for mo…

Decorrelation phenomena in mixed moments for orthogonal families of $L$-Functions and their applications: automorphic periods, Fourier coefficients of half-integral weight forms, and isotropy subgroups of Tate--Shafarevich groups
Shenghao Hua
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07734

Decorrelation phenomena in mixed moments for orthogonal families of $L$-Functions and their applications: automorphic periods, Fourier coefficients of half-integral weight forms, and isotropy subgroups of Tate--Shafarevich groups
The Keating--Snaith conjecture for orthogonal families may be viewed as analogous to a Gaussian distribution with a negative mean, and the possibility that mixed moments resemble a composition of independent moments, these two insights were combined and applied in Lester and Radziwiłł's proof of quantum unique ergodicity for half-integral weight automorphic forms, via Soundararajan's method under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH). This observation also yields a crucial and nontrivial s…

On the Structure of Replicable Hypothesis Testers
Anders Aamand, Maryam Aliakbarpour, Justin Y. Chen, Shyam Narayanan, Sandeep Silwal
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02842

On the Structure of Replicable Hypothesis Testers
A hypothesis testing algorithm is replicable if, when run on two different samples from the same distribution, it produces the same output with high probability. This notion, defined by by Impagliazzo, Lei, Pitassi, and Sorell [STOC'22], can increase trust in testing procedures and is deeply related to algorithmic stability, generalization, and privacy. We build general tools to prove lower and upper bounds on the sample complexity of replicable testers, unifying and quantitatively improving up…

Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Fundamental Physics and Galactic Habitability
McCullen Sandora
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08220 https://arxiv.org/…

Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Fundamental Physics and Galactic Habitability
In the multiverse hypothesis, a range of universes exist with differing values of our physical constants. Here, we investigate how the probabilities of observing our values of these constants depend on the assumptions made about the theories governing particle physics and cosmology, along with habitability. The particle physics effects we consider include constraints on the Higgs vacuum expectation value from big bang nucleosynthesis and supernovae, grand unified theories (GUTs), and standard m…

Learning Logical Rules using Minimum Message Length
Ruben Sharma, Sebastijan Duman\v{c}i\'c, Ross D. King, Andrew Cropper
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06230 https://

Learning Logical Rules using Minimum Message Length
Unifying probabilistic and logical learning is a key challenge in AI. We introduce a Bayesian inductive logic programming approach that learns minimum message length programs from noisy data. Our approach balances hypothesis complexity and data fit through priors, which explicitly favour more general programs, and a likelihood that favours accurate programs. Our experiments on several domains, including game playing and drug design, show that our method significantly outperforms previous method…

Traveling waves for highly degenerate and singular reaction-diffusion-advection equations with discontinuous coefficients
Umberto Guarnotta, Cristina Marcelli
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06027

Traveling waves for highly degenerate and singular reaction-diffusion-advection equations with discontinuous coefficients
Sufficient conditions for either existence or non-existence of traveling wave solutions for a general quasi-linear reaction-diffusion-convection equation, possibly highly degenerate or singular, with discontinuous coefficients are furnished. Under an additional hypothesis on the convection term, the set of admissible wave speeds is characterized in terms of the minimum wave speed, which is estimated through a double-sided bound.

Wealth Thermalization Hypothesis
Klaus M. Frahm, Dima L. Shepelyansky
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17720 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.177…

Wealth Thermalization Hypothesis
We introduce the wealth thermalization hypothesis according to which the wealth shared in a country or the whole world is described by the Rayleigh-Jeans thermal distribution with two conserved quantities of system wealth and norm or number of agents. This distribution depends on a dimensional parameter being the ratio of system total wealth and its dispersion range determined by highest revenues. At relatively small values of this ratio there is a formation of the Rayleigh-Jeans condensate, we…

Hypothesis Testing for Quantifying LLM-Human Misalignment in Multiple Choice Settings
Harbin Hong, Sebastian Caldas, Liu Leqi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14997

Hypothesis Testing for Quantifying LLM-Human Misalignment in Multiple Choice Settings
As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly appear in social science research (e.g., economics and marketing), it becomes crucial to assess how well these models replicate human behavior. In this work, using hypothesis testing, we present a quantitative framework to assess the misalignment between LLM-simulated and actual human behaviors in multiple-choice survey settings. This framework allows us to determine in a principled way whether a specific language model can effectively simulate human…

Analysis of Semantic Communication for Logic-based Hypothesis Deduction
Ahmet Faruk Saz, Siheng Xiong, Faramarz Fekri
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21755 https://

Analysis of Semantic Communication for Logic-based Hypothesis Deduction
This work presents an analysis of semantic communication in the context of First-Order Logic (FOL)-based deduction. Specifically, the receiver holds a set of hypotheses about the State of the World (SotW), while the transmitter has incomplete evidence about the true SotW but lacks access to the ground truth. The transmitter aims to communicate limited information to help the receiver identify the hypothesis most consistent with true SotW. We formulate the objective as approximating the posterio…

Binary Hypothesis Testing-Based Low-Complexity Beamspace Channel Estimation for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems
Hanyoung Park, Ji-Woong Choi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.01007 https:/…

Binary Hypothesis Testing-Based Low-Complexity Beamspace Channel Estimation for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications have gained attention as a key technology for high-capacity wireless systems, owing to the wide available bandwidth. However, mmWave signals suffer from their inherent characteristics such as severe path loss, poor scattering, and limited diffraction, which necessitate the use of large antenna arrays and directional beamforming, typically implemented through massive MIMO architectures. Accurate channel estimation is critical in such systems, but its compu…

Multiple Hypothesis Testing in Genomics
Shyam Gupta
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.23428 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.23428

Multiple Hypothesis Testing in Genomics
This analysis report presents an in-depth exploration of multiple hypothesis testing in the context of Genomics RNA-seq differential expression (DE) analysis, with a primary focus on techniques designed to control the false discovery rate (FDR). While RNA-seq has become a cornerstone in transcriptomic research, accurately detecting expression changes remains challenging due to the high-dimensional nature of the data. This report delves into the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure, Benjamini-Yekut…

Holistic Explainable AI (H-XAI): Extending Transparency Beyond Developers in AI-Driven Decision Making
Kausik Lakkaraju, Siva Likitha Valluru, Biplav Srivastava
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05792

Holistic Explainable AI (H-XAI): Extending Transparency Beyond Developers in AI-Driven Decision Making
Current eXplainable AI (XAI) methods largely serve developers, often focusing on justifying model outputs rather than supporting diverse stakeholder needs. A recent shift toward Evaluative AI reframes explanation as a tool for hypothesis testing, but still focuses primarily on operational organizations. We introduce Holistic-XAI (H-XAI), a unified framework that integrates causal rating methods with traditional XAI methods to support explanation as an interactive, multi-method process. H-XAI al…

Quantum Sequential Universal Hypothesis Testing
Matteo Zecchin, Osvaldo Simeone, Aaditya Ramdas
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21594 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508…

Quantum Sequential Universal Hypothesis Testing
Quantum hypothesis testing (QHT) concerns the statistical inference of unknown quantum states. In the general setting of composite hypotheses, the goal of QHT is to determine whether an unknown quantum state belongs to one or another of two classes of states based on the measurement of a number of copies of the state. Prior art on QHT with composite hypotheses focused on a fixed-copy two-step protocol, with state estimation followed by an optimized joint measurement. However, this fixed-copy ap…

If there's a hypochondria and hypothesis, there should also be hyperchondria and hyperthesis.

Krylov exponents and power spectra for maximal quantum chaos: an EFT approach
Saskia Demulder, Maria Knysh, Andrew Rolph
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05444 https://

Krylov exponents and power spectra for maximal quantum chaos: an EFT approach
We examine the effective field theory (EFT) of maximal chaos through the lens of Krylov complexity and the Universal Operator Growth Hypothesis. We test the relationship between two measures of quantum chaos: out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) and Krylov complexity. In the EFT, a shift symmetry of the hydrodynamic modes enforces the maximal Lyapunov exponent in OTOCs, $λ_L = 2πT$, while simultaneously constraining thermal two-point autocorrelators. We solve these constraints on the autoc…

FB-Diff: Fourier Basis-guided Diffusion for Temporal Interpolation of 4D Medical Imaging
Xin You, Runze Yang, Chuyan Zhang, Zhongliang Jiang, Jie Yang, Nassir Navab
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04547

FB-Diff: Fourier Basis-guided Diffusion for Temporal Interpolation of 4D Medical Imaging
The temporal interpolation task for 4D medical imaging, plays a crucial role in clinical practice of respiratory motion modeling. Following the simplified linear-motion hypothesis, existing approaches adopt optical flow-based models to interpolate intermediate frames. However, realistic respiratory motions should be nonlinear and quasi-periodic with specific frequencies. Intuited by this property, we resolve the temporal interpolation task from the frequency perspective, and propose a Fourier b…

Icarus's Orbit as the Ultimate Test for the Vulcan Hypothesis and General Relativity
Souren Petik Pogossian
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.01569 https://…

Icarus's Orbit as the Ultimate Test for the Vulcan Hypothesis and General Relativity
General Relativity (GR) quantitatively accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession observed in several planets' orbits, with Mercury exhibiting the most significant deviation from Newtonian predictions. In the present work, I carry out an in-depth study comparing methods for calculating perihelion advance of inner planets using two methods, one based on the rotation of the Laplace-Runge-Lentz vector and the other on the evolution of the perihelion longitude. I show that, although the two m…

Testing the variety hypothesis
A. Lerario, P. Roos Hoefgeest, M. Scolamiero, A. Tamai
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16705 https://arxiv.…

Testing the variety hypothesis
Given a probability measure on the unit disk, we study the problem of deciding whether, for some threshold probability, this measure is supported near a real algebraic variety of given dimension and bounded degree. We call this "testing the variety hypothesis". We prove an upper bound on the so-called "sample complexity" of this problem and show how it can be reduced to a semialgebraic decision problem. This is done by studying in a quantitative way the Hausdorff geometry of the space of real a…

Practically significant change points in high dimension -- measuring signal strength pro active component
Pascal Quanz, Holger Dette
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21520 https://

Practically significant change points in high dimension -- measuring signal strength pro active component
We consider the change point testing problem for high-dimensional time series. Unlike conventional approaches, where one tests whether the difference $δ$ of the mean vectors before and after the change point is equal to zero, we argue that the consideration of the null hypothesis $H_0:\|δ\|\leΔ$, for some norm $\|\cdot\|$ and a threshold $Δ>0$, is better suited. By the formulation of the null hypothesis as a composite hypothesis, the change point testing problem becomes …

A powerful transformation of quantitative responses for biobank-scale association studies
Yaowu Liu, Tianying Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06496 https:/…

A powerful transformation of quantitative responses for biobank-scale association studies
In linear regression models with non-Gaussian errors, transformations of the response variable are widely used in a broad range of applications. Motivated by various genetic association studies, transformation methods for hypothesis testing have received substantial interest. In recent years, the rise of biobank-scale genetic studies, which feature a vast number of participants that could be around half a million, spurred the need for new transformation methods that are both powerful for detect…

Uniform Information Density and Syntactic Reduction: Revisiting $\textit{that}$-Mentioning in English Complement Clauses
Hailin Hao, Elsi Kaiser
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05254

Uniform Information Density and Syntactic Reduction: Revisiting $\textit{that}$-Mentioning in English Complement Clauses
Speakers often have multiple ways to express the same meaning. The Uniform Information Density (UID) hypothesis suggests that speakers exploit this variability to maintain a consistent rate of information transmission during language production. Building on prior work linking UID to syntactic reduction, we revisit the finding that the optional complementizer $\textit{that}$in English complement clauses is more likely to be omitted when the clause has low information density (i.e., more predicta…

Observation of orbitally excited $B_{c}^{ }$ states
LHCb collaboration, et al.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02149 https://arxiv.org/pdf…

Observation of orbitally excited $B_{c}^{+}$ states
The observation of a wide peaking structure in the $B_{c}^{+} γ$ mass spectrum is reported using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of $7$, $8$ and $13~\text{TeV}$, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of $9~\text{fb}^{-1}$. The statistical significance over the background-only hypothesis exceeds seven standard deviations. The width of the observed structure is larger than the expectation from a single-peak hypothesis, and is well d…

Simultaneous nonvanishing of Dirichlet $L$-functions in Galois orbits
Hung M. Bui, Alexandra Florea, Hieu T. Ngo
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06609 https://

Simultaneous nonvanishing of Dirichlet $L$-functions in Galois orbits
Under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, we prove that given any two distinct imprimitive Dirichlet characters $η_1, η_2$ modulo $q=p^k$, a positive proportion of characters $χ$ modulo $q$ in a fixed Galois orbit of primitive characters satisfies the nonvanishing property that $L(1/2,χη_1) L(1/2,χη_2) \neq 0$, as $k \to \infty$ (with $p$ fixed). Previously, only a positive proportion of nonvanishing result was available in Galois orbits (as opposed to simultaneously nonvanishing), due t…

Weakly-Driven Quantum Walks for Memory-Constrained Pauli Channel Learning
Yuan-Zhuo Wang, Yi-Ran Xiao, Ming-Yang Li, Shengjun Wu, Zeng-Bing Chen
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07702

Weakly-Driven Quantum Walks for Memory-Constrained Pauli Channel Learning
Accurate characterization of quantum noise, exemplified by the Pauli channel, is a cornerstone for building fault-tolerant quantum computers. A recent protocol (PRX Quantum 6, 020323 (2025)) combining channel concatenation and quantum memory has achieved an exponential reduction in measurement complexity for Pauli channel estimation. This efficiency, however, hinges on using logarithmic quantum memory to suppress hypothesis test errors. In this work, we introduce a mechanism termed the ``weakly…

Large quadratic character sums
Zikang Dong, Yanbin Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07651 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.07651…

Large quadratic character sums
In this article, we investigate conditional large values of quadratic Dirichlet character sums. We prove some Omega results of quadratic character sums under the assumption of the generalized Riemnn hypothesis, which are as sharp as previous results for all characters modulo a large prime.

A General Test for Independent and Identically Distributed Hypothesis
Tongyu Li, Jonas Mueller, Fang Yao
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22361 https://

A General Test for Independent and Identically Distributed Hypothesis
We propose a simple and intuitive test for arguably the most prevailing hypothesis in statistics that data are independent and identically distributed (IID), based on a newly introduced off-diagonal sequential U-process. This IID test is fully nonparametric and applicable to random objects in general spaces, while requiring no specific alternatives such as structural breaks or serial dependence, which allows for detecting general types of violations of the IID assumption. An easy-to-implement j…

Going Beyond Surfaces in Diameter Approximation
Micha{\l} W{\l}odarczyk
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03447 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.0…

Going Beyond Surfaces in Diameter Approximation
Calculating the diameter of an undirected graph requires quadratic running time under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis and this barrier works even against any approximation better than 3/2. For planar graphs with positive edge weights, there are known $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation algorithms with running time $poly(1/ε, \log n) \cdot n$. However, these algorithms rely on shortest path separators and this technique falls short to yield efficient algorithms beyond graphs of bounded genus…

The Sample Complexity of Distributed Simple Binary Hypothesis Testing under Information Constraints
Hadi Kazemi, Ankit Pensia, Varun Jog
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13686

The Sample Complexity of Distributed Simple Binary Hypothesis Testing under Information Constraints
This paper resolves two open problems from a recent paper, arXiv:2403.16981, concerning the sample complexity of distributed simple binary hypothesis testing under information constraints. The first open problem asks whether interaction reduces the sample complexity of distributed simple binary hypothesis testing. In this paper, we show that sequential interaction does not help. The second problem suggests tightening existing sample complexity bounds for communication-constrained simple binary …

Instance-Optimal Quantum State Certification with Entangled Measurements
Ryan O'Donnell, Chirag Wadhwa
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06010 https://…

Instance-Optimal Quantum State Certification with Entangled Measurements
We consider the task of quantum state certification: given a description of a hypothesis state $σ$ and multiple copies of an unknown state $ρ$, a tester aims to determine whether the two states are equal or $ε$-far in trace distance. It is known that $Θ(d/ε^2)$ copies of $ρ$ are necessary and sufficient for this task, assuming the tester can make entangled measurements over all copies [CHW07,OW15,BOW19]. However, these bounds are for a worst-case $σ$, and it is not known what the optimal…

Testing the heavy decaying sterile neutrino hypothesis at the DUNE near detector
Sabya Sachi Chatterjee, St\'ephane Lavignac, O. G. Miranda
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15888 …

Testing the heavy decaying sterile neutrino hypothesis at the DUNE near detector
One of the most convincing explanations of the LSND and MiniBooNE anomalies relies on a heavy, mostly sterile neutrino with a small muon neutrino component, which decays to an electron neutrino and an invisible light scalar field. We investigate the possibility to test this hypothesis at the near detector complex of the upcoming DUNE experiment. We find that the DUNE liquid argon near detector (ND-LAr) can probe a larger region of the parameter space than the Fermilab SBN program, and may help …

HEAL: A Hypothesis-Based Preference-Aware Analysis Framework
Yifu Huo, Chenglong Wang, Qiren Zhu, Shunjie Xing, Tong Xiao, Chunliang Zhang, Tongran Liu, Jinbo Zhu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.19922

HEAL: A Hypothesis-Based Preference-Aware Analysis Framework
Preference optimization methods like DPO have achieved remarkable performance in LLM alignment. However, the evaluation for these methods relies on a single response and overlooks other potential outputs, which could also be generated in real-world applications within this hypothetical space. To address this issue, this paper presents a \textbf{H}ypothesis-based Pr\textbf{E}ference-aware \textbf{A}na\textbf{L}ysis Framework (HEAL), a novel evaluation paradigm that formulates preference alignmen…

Effective open image theorem and a Linnik type problem for elliptic curves
Tian Wang, Zhining Wei
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06913 https://

Effective open image theorem and a Linnik type problem for elliptic curves
We study an effective open image theorem for families of elliptic curves and products of elliptic curves ordered by conductor. Unconditionally, we prove that for $100\%$ of pairs of elliptic curves, the largest prime $\ell$, for which the associated mod $\ell$ Galois representation fails to be surjective, is small. Additionally, for semistable families, our bound on $\ell$ is comparable to the result obtained under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. We reduce the problem to a Linnik type probl…

Two-point measurement correlations beyond the quantum regression theorem
Leonardo Santos, Otfried G\"uhne, Stefan Nimmrichter
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06088

Two-point measurement correlations beyond the quantum regression theorem
Temporal correlations are fundamental in quantum physics, yet their computation is often challenging. The regression theorem (or hypothesis) serves as a key tool in this context, offering a seemingly straightforward approach. However, it fails for systems strongly coupled to their surroundings, where memory effects become significant. Here, we extend the analysis of temporal correlations beyond the regression theorem, revealing what can be learned about open quantum systems when this hypothesis…

Confirmatory Adaptive Hypothesis Tests in Markovian Illness-Death Models
Rene Schmidt, Moritz Fabian Danzer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02315 https://arxiv.…

Confirmatory Adaptive Hypothesis Tests in Markovian Illness-Death Models
Classic adaptive designs for time-to-event trials are based on the log-rank statistic and its increments. Thereby, only information from the time-to-event endpoint on which the selected log-rank statistic is based may be used for data-dependent design modifications in interim analyses. Further information (e.g. surrogate parameters) may not be used. As pointed out in a letter by P. Bauer and M. Posch in 2004, adaptive tests on overall survival (OS) based on the log-rank statistic do in general …

An analysis of nuclear parton distribution function based on Kullback-Leibler divergence
Shu-Man Hu, Ao-Sheng Xiong, Ji Xu, Fu-Sheng Yu, Ji-Xin Yu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05171

An analysis of nuclear parton distribution function based on Kullback-Leibler divergence
In this work, we present an attempt to quantify the difference between nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) in different nuclei and parton distribution functions (PDFs) in free nucleons using the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, a measure widely employed in quantum information theory. By introducing certain constraints and the ``minimum relative entropy'' hypothesis, we can determine the shape of the structure function in the intermediate-$x$ region, which is intimately connected with…

On Hypothesis H of Rudnick and Sarnak
Yujiao Jiang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20653 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.20653

On Hypothesis H of Rudnick and Sarnak
We prove Hypothesis H in full generality for ${\rm GL}_n$ over any number field. This result is a consequence of our stronger effective bound on Euler products involving Rankin--Selberg coefficients at prime ideal powers. The proof rests on a new analytic method, which employs a power sieve over number fields and an iterative argument to bypass the functoriality barrier that had restricted prior results to $n\leq 4$. As applications, we unconditionally establish the GUE statistics for automorph…

Quantum mechanics, non-locality, and the space discreteness hypothesis
W. A. Z\'u\~niga-Galindo
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14836 https://arxiv.org/pdf/…

Quantum mechanics, non-locality, and the space discreteness hypothesis
The space discreteness hypothesis asserts that the nature of space at short distances is radically different from that at large distances. Based on the Bronstein inequality, here, we use a totally disconnected topological space $\mathcal{X}$ as a model for the space. However, we consider the time as a real variable. In this framework, the formalism of Dirac-von Neumann can be used. This discreteness hypothesis implies that given two different points in space, there is no continuous curve (a wor…

Bayesian Inference for Confounding Variables and Limited Information
Ellis Scharfenaker, Duncan K. Foley
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05520 https://arxiv.org…

Bayesian Inference for Confounding Variables and Limited Information
A central challenge in statistical inference is the presence of confounding variables that may distort observed associations between treatment and outcome. Conventional "causal" methods, grounded in assumptions such as ignorability, exclude the possibility of unobserved confounders, leading to posterior inferences that overstate certainty. We develop a Bayesian framework that relaxes these assumptions by introducing entropy-favoring priors over hypothesis spaces that explicitly allow for latent…

The determination of norm-Euclidean cyclic cubic fields
Gustav Kj{\ae}rbye Bagger, Andrew R. Booker, Bryce Kerr, Kevin McGown, Valeriia Starichkova, Tim Trudgian
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05862

The determination of norm-Euclidean cyclic cubic fields
It is known on the Generalised Riemann Hypothesis that there are precisely $13$ cyclic cubic fields that are norm-Euclidean. Unconditionally, there is a gap between analytic estimates which hold for all sufficiently large conductors and computational techniques. In this paper, we establish new results concerning explicit bounds for cubic non-residues and refine previous computational techniques, enabling us to completely characterise all norm-Euclidean cyclic cubic fields.

Expert-Guided LLM Reasoning for Battery Discovery: From AI-Driven Hypothesis to Synthesis and Characterization
Shengchao Liu, Hannan Xu, Yan Ai, Huanxin Li, Yoshua Bengio, Harry Guo
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16110

Expert-Guided LLM Reasoning for Battery Discovery: From AI-Driven Hypothesis to Synthesis and Characterization
Large language models (LLMs) leverage chain-of-thought (CoT) techniques to tackle complex problems, representing a transformative breakthrough in artificial intelligence (AI). However, their reasoning capabilities have primarily been demonstrated in solving math and coding problems, leaving their potential for domain-specific applications-such as battery discovery-largely unexplored. Inspired by the idea that reasoning mirrors a form of guided search, we introduce ChatBattery, a novel agentic f…

Detecting zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions via the Riemann zeta-function
Masatoshi Suzuki
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17701 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.17701…

Detecting zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions via the Riemann zeta-function
Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, we show that a certain vertical distribution of the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function is equivalent to the generalized Riemann hypothesis for Dirichlet $L$-functions. Furthermore, under both the Riemann hypothesis and the generalized Riemann hypothesis, we show that the nontrivial zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions can be detected through those of the Riemann zeta-function.

First moment of quadratic Dirichlet $L$-functions with secondary terms
Martin \v{C}ech
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03197 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.03197

First moment of quadratic Dirichlet $L$-functions with secondary terms
We study the first moment of primitive quadratic Dirichlet $L$-functions. Assuming the Riemann hypothesis and the generalized Lindelöf hypothesis, we obtain an asymptotic formula at the central point with error $O(X^{1/4+ε})$, and identify lower-order terms of size $X^{1/3}\log X$.

When correcting for regression to the mean is worse than no correction at all
Jos\'e F. Fontanari, Mauro Santos
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04718 https://

When correcting for regression to the mean is worse than no correction at all
The ubiquitous regression to the mean (RTM) effect complicates statistical inference in biological studies of change. We demonstrate that common RTM correction methods are flawed: the Berry et al. method popularized by Kelly & Price in The American Naturalist is unreliable for hypothesis testing, leading to both false positives and negatives, while the theoretically unbiased Blomqvist method has poor efficiency in limited sample sizes. Our findings show that the most robust approach to handling…

On Hardy's $Z$-function and its derivatives associated with Selberg class
Hirotaka Kobayashi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.06248 https://arxiv.org/pdf/250…

On Hardy's $Z$-function and its derivatives associated with Selberg class
Hardy's $Z$-function $Z(t)$ is a real-valued function of the real valuable $t$, and its zeros exactly correspond to those of the Riemann zeta-function on the critical line. In 2012, K.~Matsuoka showed that for any non-negative integer $k$, there exists a $T=T(k)>0$ such that $Z^{(k+1)}(t)$ has exactly one zero between consecutive zeros of $Z^{(k)}(t)$ for $t\ge T$ under the Riemann Hypothesis. In this article, we extend Matsuoka's theorem to some $L$-functions in Selberg class.

Bayesian Design of Experiments in the Presence of Nuisance Parameters
Shirin Golchi, Luke Hagar
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03948 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508…

Bayesian Design of Experiments in the Presence of Nuisance Parameters
Design of experiments has traditionally relied on the frequentist hypothesis testing framework where the optimal size of the experiment is specified as the minimum sample size that guarantees a required level of power. Sample size determination may be performed analytically when the test statistic has a known asymptotic sampling distribution and, therefore, the power function is available in analytic form. Bayesian methods have gained popularity in all stages of discovery, namely, design, analy…

The Alternative Hypothesis for Zeros of the Riemann Zeta-Function
Siegfred Alan C. Baluyot, Daniel Alan Goldston, Ade Irma Suriajaya, Caroline L. Turnage-Butterbaugh
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.10857

The Alternative Hypothesis for Zeros of the Riemann Zeta-Function
In 2016, the first-named author introduced a formulation of the Alternative Hypothesis that assumes that consecutive zeros of the Riemann zeta-function are spaced at multiples of half of the average spacing, but does not assume that the zeros are simple. In this paper, we assume the Riemann Hypothesis and a similar formulation of the Alternative Hypothesis, and for each integer $k$ we obtain constraints on the density of pairs of zeros whose normalized differences are at $k/2$ times the average…

Quaternionic Kolyvagin systems and Iwasawa theory for Hida families
Francesco Zerman
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04980 https://arxiv.o…

Quaternionic Kolyvagin systems and Iwasawa theory for Hida families
We build a modified universal Kolyvagin system for the Galois representation attached to a Hida family of modular forms, starting from the big Heegner point Euler system of Longo--Vigni built in towers of Shimura curves. We generalize the work of Büyükboduk to a quaternionic setting, relaxing the classical \emph{Heegner hypothesis} on the tame conductor of the family. As a byproduct of this construction, we give a proof of one divisibility of the anticyclotomic Iwasawa main conjecture for Hid…

An application of Titchmarsh's theorem and the Salem equivalence
Alexander E. Patkowski
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21789 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.217…

An application of Titchmarsh's theorem and the Salem equivalence
We extend the equivalence of the Salem type for the Riemann hypothesis by application of Titchmarsh's theorem. Other equivalences to the Riemann hypothesis and notes on related Fourier integrals are provided.

Selberg's Central Limit Theorem weighted by Linear Statistics of Zeta Zeros
Alessandro Fazzari, Maxim Gerspach, Paolo Minelli
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04150

Selberg's Central Limit Theorem weighted by Linear Statistics of Zeta Zeros
We consider the value distribution of the logarithm of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line, weighted by the local statistics of zeta zeros. We show that, with appropriate normalization, it satisfies a complex Central Limit Theorem, provided that the Fourier support of the test function in the linear statistics is sufficiently small. For the imaginary part, we extend this support condition up to its natural barrier under the Riemann Hypothesis. Finally, we prove that the correlation b…