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Constraint-Level Design of zkEVMs: Architectures, Trade-offs, and Evolution
Yahya Hassanzadeh-Nazarabadi, Sanaz Taheri-Boshrooyeh
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05376 https://

Constraint-Level Design of zkEVMs: Architectures, Trade-offs, and Evolution
Zero-knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines (zkEVMs) must reconcile a fundamental contradiction: the Ethereum Virtual Machine was designed for transparent sequential execution, while zero-knowledge proofs require algebraic circuit representations. This survey provides the first systematic analysis of how existing major production zkEVM implementations resolve this tension through distinct constraint engineering strategies. We develop a comparative framework that maps the design space across three …