Tootfinder

Hach, damals, als man noch Bücher lesen und genießen konnte, ohne ständig mit Politik und Ideologie konfrontiert zu werden ...

can we have a mastodon ceo where it's easily and internationally understood how their last name is pronounced?
felix hlatky: no
eugen rochko: no

#DearLazyWeb: Hey #Nederlanders ik heb en expat vrag over mijn #VvE. Our management company is absolute garbage. Our VVE management company recently scheduled repainting, during winter, with the most incompetent company possible, who did a horrible job, some of which didn't need to be done. Our windows had just been repainted since they were painted before we moved in, so 1/3 of the work they did was unnecessary, and now they look much worse than they did before. I could go on, but generally lots and lots of complaints along with absolutely terrible service.
Our upstairs neighbor (also an owner) also hates them and wants to switch, but a rental company owns the top half of the building and seems to be trying to force us in to staying. Basically, this management company is super cheap and the rental company are absolutely trash absentee leaches. (They *may* also have not been paying their part of the VvE fees for a while, but I'm not totally sure I understood everything.)
Unfortunately, I am way out of my depth and can't seem to get much help from google. Can anyone give me some advice about what to read or who to talk to, or are we actually stuck?

Extreme floods are slashing global rice yields faster than expected #environment

Extreme floods are slashing global rice yields faster than expected
Scientists discovered that a week of full submergence is enough to kill most rice plants, making flooding a far greater threat than previously understood. Intensifying extreme rainfall events may amplify these losses unless vulnerable regions adopt more resilient rice varieties.

Obama:
"When you see an administration suggest that ordinary street crime is an insurrection or a terrorist act,
that is a genuine effort to weaken how we have understood democracy."
https://bsky.app/profile/atrupar.com/post/3m3436lfc7c2a

Aaron Rupar (@atrupar.com)
Obama: "When you see an administration suggest that ordinary street crime is an insurrection or a terrorist act, that is a genuine effort to weaken how we have understood democracy."

"The specific mechanism of action that underlies the curing of autism post RFK-Jr.-face-punch is not yet understood by science, but the conclusion could not be more clear: 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐩𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐝 𝐑𝐅𝐊 𝐉𝐫. 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐦."
https://stuff.davidaugust.com/study-re

Study Reveals Autism Cure: Punching RFK Jr. in the Face
autism cure is surprisingly simple A joint study out of Shangri-La Polytechnic Institute and the University of Atlantis-Brigadoon has concluded that no cases of autism persist after patients punch Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in the face. We do not suggest people punch RFK Jr. without his consent. However, we do

A bunch of last-minute issues at work tracing a path back to “We didn’t know that they understood differently.”
Our company culture is “async by default,” which is making it even harder to evaluate “how are they understanding this?”

If you are interested in software supply chain security, join us today at #CCS at 14:30 (Taiwan local time) for the talk "Attestable builds: compiling verifiable binaries on untrusted systems using trusted execution environments" given by @… and Daniel Hugenroth.…

Growing up I was never a #mlb #baseball fan. I never got it; I never understood what made the strategy, pitching and fielding so exciting - you know, the boring stuff.
The movie #moneyball helped explain a lot of the nuance…

A lot of the problem with the UK's asylum system has been related to an overwhelmed administrative capacity (the "backlog") so proposing adding 30 month reviews on top of that seems counter-productive?
(Reminds me of how Conservative governments would routinely increase sentences for those convicted, but refused to increase the prison capacity.)

Shabana Mahmood warns Labour MPs ‘dark forces are stirring up anger’ over migration
There is understood to be growing unease in party over home secretary’s sweeping overhaul of refugee rights

Guys. I just understood a Spanish meme on the first try 😆
#language
https://masto.es/@emersson/115546469588268105

RE: https://hachyderm.io/@thomasfuchs/115718470244854807
I didn't learn in school that a free market economy is about the suppliers installing fascist regimes to force demand and fix prices, but maybe I understood it wrong.

Cowboys’ George Pickens Trade Idea After Contract Comments Nets Dallas First-Round Pick https://heavy.com/sports/nfl/dallas-cowboys/george-pickens-trade-contract-comments/?adt_ei=[email]

The situation in Ukraine is both horrific and inspiring.
The terror Russia has been unleashing for over 1300 days needs to be more widely understood and recognized.
US media will not do its job, they refuse to address the terror and truth that is so apparent and easily reported - if they only cared to do so.
Georgio is a journalist on the ground in Ukraine, reporting from the trenches of democracy.
He provides the receipts and gut-wrenching reports of Russian fuckery…

Wooden Windows and Steel Hearts
Live from Ukraine 🇺🇦

Rethinking Knowledge Distillation: A Data Dependent Regulariser With a Negative Asymmetric Payoff
Israel Mason-Williams, Gabryel Mason-Williams, Helen Yannakoudakis
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12615

Rethinking Knowledge Distillation: A Data Dependent Regulariser With a Negative Asymmetric Payoff
Knowledge distillation is often considered a compression mechanism when judged on the resulting student's accuracy and loss, yet its functional impact is poorly understood. In this work, we quantify the compression capacity of knowledge distillation and the resulting knowledge transfer from a functional perspective, decoupling compression from architectural reduction, which provides an improved understanding of knowledge distillation. We employ hypothesis testing, controls, and random control d…

Cost Analysis of Human-corrected Transcription for Predominately Oral Languages
Yacouba Diarra, Nouhoum Souleymane Coulibaly, Michael Leventhal
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12781 …

Cost Analysis of Human-corrected Transcription for Predominately Oral Languages
Creating speech datasets for low-resource languages is a critical yet poorly understood challenge, particularly regarding the actual cost in human labor. This paper investigates the time and complexity required to produce high-quality annotated speech data for a subset of low-resource languages, low literacy Predominately Oral Languages, focusing on Bambara, a Manding language of Mali. Through a one-month field study involving ten transcribers with native proficiency, we analyze the correction …

The implications are interesting enough when we apply this to systems like capitalism or national governments, but there are other very interesting implications when applied to systems like race or gender.
Like, as a cis man the only way I can be free to express and explore my own masculinity is if the masculinity I participate in is one which allows anyone the freedom to leave. Then I have an obligation to recognize the validity of nom-masculine trans identity as a necessary component of my own. If I fail to do this, then I trap myself in masculinity and allow the system to control me rather than me to be a free participant in the system.
But if it's OK to escape but not enter, that's it's own restriction that constrains the freedom to leave. It creates a barrier that keeps people in by the fear that they cannot return. So in order for me to be free in my cis masculine identity, I must accept non-masculine trans identities as they are and accept detransitioning as also valid.
But I also need to accept trans-masc identities because restricting entry to my masculinity means non-consensually constraining other identities. If every group imposes an exclusion against others coming in, that, by default, makes it impossible to leave every other group. This is just a description of how national borders work to trap people within systems, even if a nation itself allows people to "freely" leave.
So then, a free masculinity is one which recognizes all configurations of trans identities as valid and welcomes, if not celebrates, people who transition as affirmations of the freedom of their own identity (even for those who never feel a reason to exercise that same freedom).
The most irritating type of white person may look at this and say, "oh, so then why can't I be <not white>?" Except that the critique of transratial identities has never been "that's not allowed" and has always been "this person didn't do the work." If that person did the work, they would understand that the question doesn't make sense based on how race is constructed. That person might understand that race, especially whiteness, is more fluid than they at first understood. They might realize that whiteness is often chosen at the exclusion of other racialized identities. They would, perhaps, realize that to actually align with any racialized identity, they would first have to understand the boot of whiteness on their neck, have to recognize the need to destroy this oppressive identity for their own future liberation. The best, perhaps only, way to do this would be to use the privilege afforded by that identity to destroy it, and in doing so would either destroy their own privilege or destroy the system of privilege. The must either become themselves completely ratialized or destroy the system of race itself such being "transracial" wouldn't really make sense anymore.
But that most annoying of white person would, of course, not do any such work. Nevertheless, one hopes that they may recognize the paradox that they are trapped by their white identity, forced forever by it to do the work of maintaining it. And such is true for all privileged identities, where privilege is only maintained through restrictions where these restrictions ultimately become walls that imprison both the privileged and the marginalized in a mutually reinforcing hell that can only be escaped by destroying the system of privilege itself.

Statistical Guarantees for High-Dimensional Stochastic Gradient Descent
Jiaqi Li, Zhipeng Lou, Johannes Schmidt-Hieber, Wei Biao Wu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12013 https://

Statistical Guarantees for High-Dimensional Stochastic Gradient Descent
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its Ruppert-Polyak averaged variant (ASGD) lie at the heart of modern large-scale learning, yet their theoretical properties in high-dimensional settings are rarely understood. In this paper, we provide rigorous statistical guarantees for constant learning-rate SGD and ASGD in high-dimensional regimes. Our key innovation is to transfer powerful tools from high-dimensional time series to online learning. Specifically, by viewing SGD as a nonlinear autoregres…

ExpVid: A Benchmark for Experiment Video Understanding & Reasoning
Yicheng Xu, Yue Wu, Jiashuo Yu, Ziang Yan, Tianxiang Jiang, Yinan He, Qingsong Zhao, Kai Chen, Yu Qiao, Limin Wang, Manabu Okumura, Yi Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11606

ExpVid: A Benchmark for Experiment Video Understanding & Reasoning
Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) hold promise for accelerating scientific discovery by interpreting complex experimental procedures. However, their true capabilities are poorly understood, as existing benchmarks neglect the fine-grained and long-horizon nature of authentic laboratory work, especially in wet-lab settings. To bridge this gap, we introduce ExpVid, the first benchmark designed to systematically evaluate MLLMs on scientific experiment videos. Curated from peer-reviewed video…

@… understood, thanks.
What I can't tell is whether the frog costumes represent Pepe.

We're seeing trouble with Grist on Firefox 145. Looks to be a Firefox bug. If you can hold off upgrading Firefox, do, the problem is already understood and should be fixed in their next release
https://github.com/gristlabs/grist-core/issues/1944#issuecomment-3…

JS errors on Firefox 145 · Issue #1944 · gristlabs/grist-core
Describe the current behavior Self hosted grist on docker, I have built an order management system on grist with custom widget to connect to thrid party apis. Everything have been working well befo...

Or just use a solid rectangle selection tool and DELETE whatever you want to redact.
I’ve never understood how people can be so terrible at redacting pixel-based images. PDFs can be a special case (hint: redact, then Print as PDF)
https://todon.eu/@cf/115521875990737714

Crimson Fork /🌌🏳️‍⚧️&ΘΔ (@cf@todon.eu)
Attached: 1 image When censoring names or other things in screenshots/images, it's important to know that a lot of image editing programs default to a brush with partial transparency both for the shape of the brush as well as sometimes the color itself, We've personally been able to extract enough information from censored screenshots to narrow down what the crossed out sections are, even if to the naked eye they were not readable. Built in mobile image editors tend to be the worst offender in…

Monday mood: #n5MD records at its best: diamat — misunderstood pt. 2 (2013) — contemplating, harmonious, slow, epic build up...
https://soundcloud.com/n5md/diamat-misunderstood-pt-2

ok so the MHO98 logic analyzer is. not good. at all.
and the protocol decoders are basically not useful, i can see why they haven't bothered implementing even 10 of them (they only decode what's exactly on screen, like on the lower end models)
it's best understood as "logic analyzer attachment to orient you for where you want to see your analog traces" more so than a "logic analyzer" per se in any meaningful sense of the term

Things that Google Assistant (opted out of AI) has added to our grocery list recently:
★ hi (instead of hydrocortisone cream)
★ lunch (instead of lunch meat)
★ aqua 4 (instead of aquaphor)
All things that have been easily understood for ten years by Google Assistant but now, for mysterious reasons, is no longer working consistently

Currently playing EP '1467kHz' by Simon Arnold: https://simonarnold.bandcamp.com/album/1467khz
It's described that it 'can be understood as an acoustic short film rather than a conventional music production', and that 'the tracks unfold in a dense jazzy atmo…

🫁 Decades-old asthma theory challenged: Newly discovered molecules may be real drivers of disease
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-10-decades-asthma-theory-newly-molecules.html

Decades-old asthma theory challenged: Newly discovered molecules may be real drivers of disease
For decades, scientists have thought they understood the biochemical machinery that causes asthma—inflammation in the lungs that constricts airways and makes it hard to breathe.

SASER: Stego attacks on open-source LLMs
Ming Tan, Wei Li, Hu Tao, Hailong Ma, Aodi Liu, Qian Chen, Zilong Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10486 https://ar…

SASER: Stego attacks on open-source LLMs
Open-source large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable dominance over proprietary LLMs in resolving neural processing tasks, thanks to the collaborative and sharing nature. Although full access to source codes, model parameters, and training data lays the groundwork for transparency, we argue that such a full-access manner is vulnerable to stego attacks, and their ill-effects are not fully understood. In this paper, we conduct a systematic formalization for stego attacks on ope…

RegexPSPACE: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Reasoning on PSPACE-complete Regex Problems
Hyundong Jin, Joonghyuk Hahn, Yo-Sub Han
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09227 https://…

RegexPSPACE: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Reasoning on PSPACE-complete Regex Problems
Large language models (LLMs) show strong performance across natural language processing (NLP), mathematical reasoning, and programming, and recent large reasoning models (LRMs) further emphasize explicit reasoning. Yet their computational limits, particularly spatial complexity constrained by finite context windows, remain poorly understood. While recent works often focus on problems within the NP complexity class, we push the boundary by introducing a novel benchmark grounded in two PSPACE-com…

EEPROM update: Followed PROG_RD_EN to the output of a massive inverter north of the row decoders. Interestingly, it's got guard rings/tap terminals around it and has large (1.2um channel length) transistors, which suggests it's working with high voltage.
But one side of the inverter is driven by ground and the other by VCORE.
The input of the inverter comes from the block immediately to its left which I'm still tracing out and don't yet understand; the input of TH…

Readout Representation: Redefining Neural Codes by Input Recovery
Shunsuke Onoo, Yoshihiro Nagano, Yukiyasu Kamitani
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12228 https://

Readout Representation: Redefining Neural Codes by Input Recovery
Sensory representation is typically understood through a hierarchical-causal framework where progressively abstract features are extracted sequentially. However, this causal view fails to explain misrepresentation, a phenomenon better handled by an informational view based on decodable content. This creates a tension: how does a system that abstracts away details still preserve the fine-grained information needed for downstream functions? We propose readout representation to resolve this, defin…

from my link log —
A new approach to analyzing Robin Hood hashing. (2014)
https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7616
saved 2025-10-05 https://dotat.at/:/HOGQW.html…

A New Approach to Analyzing Robin Hood Hashing
Robin Hood hashing is a variation on open addressing hashing designed to reduce the maximum search time as well as the variance in the search time for elements in the hash table. While the case of insertions only using Robin Hood hashing is well understood, the behavior with deletions has remained open. Here we show that Robin Hood hashing can be analyzed under the framework of finite-level finite-dimensional jump Markov chains. This framework allows us to re-derive some past results for the in…

B-RNS-GSS formalism and $L_{\infty}$-actions
Andrei Mikhailov
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10400 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.10400

B-RNS-GSS formalism and $L_{\infty}$-actions
Pure spinor formalism and RNS formalism are related by a chain of equivalences constructed by introducing and integrating-out BRST quartets. This is known as B-RNS-GSS formalism. One of the steps can be understood as adding auxiliary fields to lift a strong homotopy action of the SUSY Lie superalgebra in the large Hilbert space to a strict action. We develop a general prescription for this ``strictification'' procedure, which can be applied for any strong homotopy action of a Lie superalgebra. …

TESTIFY. Yao Ming was legendary. So fun to watch. Take it from Cuttino: Once he understood the assignment, Yao dunking on everyone & even blocking Shaq.
▶️ Cuttino Mobley How Yao Ming Ruined Our Summer
https://youtube.com/shorts/D1DUE9gylM0?si=mk_X4TG-D8tDwIs2<…

Nanoscale surface morphology controls charge storage at stepped Pt-water interfaces
Matthew T. Darby, Muhammad Saleh, Marialore Sulpizi, Clotilde S. Cucinotta
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12176

Nanoscale surface morphology controls charge storage at stepped Pt-water interfaces
Platinum step edges dominate electrocatalytic activity in fuel cells and electrolysers, yet their atomistic electrochemical behaviour remains poorly understood. Here, we employ \textit{ab initio} molecular dynamics under controlled electrode potentials to model a realistic stepped Pt--water interface incorporating experimentally observed (111)$\times$(111) and (111)$\times$(100) edge motifs. This allows us to resolve, for the first time, the site-specific structure, charge distribution, and ele…

When LLM apologists tell me that models will get better[Citation Needed], what they fail to understand is that my disinterest is moral, not utilitarian.
I don’t care if we’ll see better models.
I care if we’ll see models that are trained entirely on corpuses created with informed consent*, using compute, electric, and water resources well understood and agreed upon.
* No, opt-out is not consent. Settling legal cases is not consent. Buried deep in some TOS is not consent.

Large-scale peculiar velocities in the #universe: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05340 (207 pages!) -> "The observed large-scale peculiar-velocity fields are believed to have originated as weak peculiar-velocity perturbations soon after equipartition, which have subsequently grown by structure formation and by the increasing inhomogeneity of the post-recombination universe. However, the evolution and the implications of these bulk velocity fields remain poorly understood and they are still a matter of debate."

Trump said Thursday evening he is granting a pardon to Tina Peters,
a former Colorado county clerk who is serving a nine-year state sentence for allowing unauthorized access to voting machines
— even though the president's pardon power ionly applies to federal crimes. 
https://www.

Trump pardons jailed ex-Colorado election official Tina Peters, but she was charged in state court
President Trump said he is granting a pardon to Tina Peters, a former Colorado county clerk who was convicted of allowing unauthorized access to voting machines — even though the pardon power is widely understood to only apply to federal crimes.

PAH Spectral Diversity in NGC 7027 and the Evolution of Aromatic Carriers
Charlotte Smith-Perez, Aidan Hembruff, Els Peeters, Alexander G. G. M. Tielens, Alessandra Ricca
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09972

PAH Spectral Diversity in NGC 7027 and the Evolution of Aromatic Carriers
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a significant fraction of the Universe's carbon budget, playing a key role in the cosmic carbon cycle and dominating the mid-infrared spectra of astrophysical environments in which they reside. Although PAHs are known to form in the circumstellar envelopes of post-AGB stars, their formation and evolution are still not well-understood. We aim to understand how pristine complex hydrocarbons and PAHs in circumstellar environments transition to the…

#Shoutout geh raus an alle KI-begeisterten polnisch Sprechenden:
#Polnisch erzielt bei der Interaktion mit #KI die besten Ergebnisse unter 26 getesteten Sprachen.
Eine Analyse zeigte, dass groß…

Polish is the most effective language for prompting AI, study reveals
A group of researchers studied which language is best understood by artificial intelligence, with Polish in the lead and English only ranking at sixth place.

Shallow Robustness, Deep Vulnerabilities: Multi-Turn Evaluation of Medical LLMs
Blazej Manczak, Eric Lin, Francisco Eiras, James O' Neill, Vaikkunth Mugunthan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12255

Shallow Robustness, Deep Vulnerabilities: Multi-Turn Evaluation of Medical LLMs
Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transitioning into medical clinical use, yet their reliability under realistic, multi-turn interactions remains poorly understood. Existing evaluation frameworks typically assess single-turn question answering under idealized conditions, overlooking the complexities of medical consultations where conflicting input, misleading context, and authority influence are common. We introduce MedQA-Followup, a framework for systematically evaluating multi-turn rob…

Twilio reports Q3 revenue up 15% YoY to $1.3B vs. $1.25B est., forecasts Q4 sales above est., agrees to buy identity platform Stytch; TWLO jumps 8% after hours (Chris Ciaccia/Seeking Alpha)
https://seekingalpha.com/news/4511471-tw…

Twilio pops as it raises full-year forecast, aided by strong Q3 results
Understood. Please provide the article text for processing.

There's a word at the beginning and end of Dawn of Everything that feels self-referential right now: Kairos.
> We began this book with a quote which refers to the Greek notion of kairos as one of those occasional moments in a society’s history when its frames of reference undergo a shift – a metamorphosis of the fundamental principles and symbols, when the lines between myth and history, science and magic become blurred – and, therefore, real change is possible. Philosophers sometimes like to speak of ‘the Event’ – a political revolution, a scientific discovery, an artistic masterpiece – that is, a breakthrough which reveals aspects of reality that had previously been unimaginable but, once seen, can never be unseen. If so, kairos is the kind of time in which Events are prone to happen.
> Societies around the world appear to be cascading towards such a point. This is particularly true of those which, since the First World War, have been in the habit of calling themselves ‘Western’. On the one hand, fundamental breakthroughs in the physical sciences, or even artistic expression, no longer seem to occur with anything like the regularity people came to expect in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yet at the same time, our scientific means of understanding the past, not just our species’ past but that of our planet, has been advancing with dizzying speed. Scientists in 2020 are not (as readers of mid-twentieth-century science fiction might have hoped) encountering alien civilizations in distant star systems; but they are encountering radically different forms of society under their own feet, some forgotten and newly rediscovered, others more familiar, but now understood in entirely new ways.
Reading this as I write something very inspired by this work feels especially serendipitous, especially at this time. When they wrote the book, I think that kairos felt more serendipitous itself. But as the frequency of opportunity increases, the veil between realities feels more malleable... that perhaps we can poke a finger through and open a portal to a completely different future than the one we've felt locked into for such a long time.
https://anarchoccultism.org/building-zion/the-coordinated-swarm-lyhr

If you want to understand Musk, give this a listen. Great podcast limited series from the CBC: https://www.cbc.ca/listen/cbc-podcasts/1353-the-naked-emperor

The Making of Musk: Understood | CBC Podcasts | CBC Listen
Understood takes you deep inside the seismic shifts reshaping our world right now. From online porn and crypto chaos to the rise of tech oligarchs, deepfake AI, and the broken promises of the internet — we explore the stories that define our digital age with hosts and characters embedded in the heart of the action. We value your input! Fill out our listener survey here [https://cbc.ca/UnderstoodSurvey]. Season 1 - The Naked Emperor: the rise and fall of bitcoin king Sam Bankman-Fried. Seas…

SN 2021lwz: Another Exotic Luminous and Fast Evolving Optical Type Ic Broad-Lined Supernova ?
F. Poidevin, S. L. West, C. M. B. Omand, R. K\"onyves-T\'oth, S. Schulze, L. Yan, T. Kangas, I. P\'erez-Fournon, S. Geier, J. Sollerman, P. J. Pessi, C. M. Guti\'errez, T. -W. Chen, K-Ryan Hinds, R. Marques-Chaves, R. Shirley, C. Jimenez Angel, R. Lunnan, D. A. Perley, N. Sarin, Y. Yao, R. Dekany, J. Purdum, A. Wold, R. R. Laher, M. J. Graham, M. M. Kasliwal, T. Jegou Du Laz

SN 2021lwz: Another Exotic Luminous and Fast Evolving Optical Type Ic Broad-Lined Supernova ?
Context. Current large-scale, high-cadence surveys, such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), provide detections of new and rare types of transients and supernovae whose physical origins are not well understood. Aims. We investigate the nature of SN 2021lwz at a redshift z=0.065, an overluminous supernova (SN) of absolute magnitude, $M_{g} \sim -20.1$ AB, falling in the lower range of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) luminosities, and discovered in a faint dwarf galaxy with an absolute magni…

Osmotic forces modify lipid membrane fluctuations
Amaresh Sahu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10352 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.10352

Osmotic forces modify lipid membrane fluctuations
In hydrodynamic descriptions of lipid bilayers, the membrane is often approximated as being impermeable to the surrounding, solute-containing fluid. However, biological and in vitro lipid membranes are influenced by their permeability and the resultant osmotic forces -- whose effects remain poorly understood. Here, we study the dynamics of a fluctuating, planar lipid membrane that is ideally selective: fluid can pass through it, while the electrically-neutral solutes cannot. We find that the ca…

Explicitly Computing with Fukaya Categories of Surfaces with Boundary
Chris Grossack
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10867 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.10867

Explicitly Computing with Fukaya Categories of Surfaces with Boundary
Fukaya categories are deep and rich invariants of symplectic manifolds which are notoriously difficult to compute explicitly. In the case of surfaces, however, the situation is simple, combinatorial,and is very well understood (at least by experts). In this expository paper we will give an introduction with many examples to welcome newcomers to the area and hopefully equip them with the tools to independently compute Fukaya categories of surfaces.

Bigger is Faster in the Adaptive Immune Response
Jannatul Ferdous, G. Matthew Fricke, Judy L. Cannon, Melanie E. Moses
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09678 https://

Bigger is Faster in the Adaptive Immune Response
Zoonotic pathogens represent a growing global risk, yet the speed of adaptive immune activation across mammalian species remains poorly understood. Despite orders-of-magnitude differences in size and metabolic rate, we show that the time to initiate adaptive immunity is remarkably consistent across species. To understand this invariance, we analyse empirical data showing how the numbers and sizes of lymph nodes scale with body mass, finding that larger animals have both more and larger lymph no…

RE: https://mastodon.social/@theseeduneed/115319135463922094
Miraculously, as I don't speak Ukrainian (I do Russian, though), I understood almost all of this without subtitles. I'm feeling accomplished right now. :)

"...the conservative writer William F Buckley Jr’s boundaries for the conservative movement: expunge all antisemitism and “expel the lunatics”."
Buckley also opposed racism and white supremacists.
Yes, there was a time when, while disagreeing with conservatives & Republicans on many issues, I at least felt I understood the basic premises and that we shared at least some values. It's amazing how the John BIrch wing has dominated, and how a reality show snake-oil…

"...the conservative writer William F Buckley Jr’s boundaries for the conservative movement: expunge all antisemitism and “expel the lunatics”."
Buckley also opposed racism and white supremacists.
Yes, there was a time when, while disagreeing with conservatives & Republicans on many issues, I at least felt I understood the basic premises and that we shared at least some values. It's amazing how the John BIrch wing has dominated, and how a reality show snake-oil…

When quantum resources backfire: Non-gaussianity and symplectic coherence in noisy bosonic circuits
Varun Upreti, Ulysse Chabaud, Zo\"e Holmes, Armando Angrisani
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07264

When quantum resources backfire: Non-gaussianity and symplectic coherence in noisy bosonic circuits
Analyzing the impact of noise is of fundamental importance to understand the advantages provided by quantum systems. While the classical simulability of noisy discrete-variable systems is increasingly well understood, noisy bosonic circuits are more challenging to simulate and analyze. Here, we address this gap by introducing the $\textit{displacement propagation}$ algorithm, a continuous-variable analogue of Pauli propagation for simulating noisy bosonic circuits. By exploring the interplay of…

Both!
Near death experiences.
The bodies reaction to an existential threat?
Or something not yet understood?

Oops!... I did it again. Conclusion (In-)Stability in Quantitative Empirical Software Engineering: A Large-Scale Analysis
Nicole Hoess, Carlos Paradis, Rick Kazman, Wolfgang Mauerer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06844

Oops!... I did it again. Conclusion (In-)Stability in Quantitative Empirical Software Engineering: A Large-Scale Analysis
Context: Mining software repositories is a popular means to gain insights into a software project's evolution, monitor project health, support decisions and derive best practices. Tools supporting the mining process are commonly applied by researchers and practitioners, but their limitations and agreement are often not well understood. Objective: This study investigates some threats to validity in complex tool pipelines for evolutionary software analyses and evaluates the tools' agreement in …

Cross-attention Secretly Performs Orthogonal Alignment in Recommendation Models
Hyunin Lee, Yong Zhang, Hoang Vu Nguyen, Xiaoyi Liu, Namyong Park, Christopher Jung, Rong Jin, Yang Wang, Zhigang Wang, Somayeh Sojoudi, Xue Feng
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09435

Cross-attention Secretly Performs Orthogonal Alignment in Recommendation Models
Cross-domain sequential recommendation (CDSR) aims to align heterogeneous user behavior sequences collected from different domains. While cross-attention is widely used to enhance alignment and improve recommendation performance, its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Most researchers interpret cross-attention as residual alignment, where the output is generated by removing redundant and preserving non-redundant information from the query input by referencing another domain data whic…

Loss investigations of high frequency lithium niobate Lamb wave resonators at ultralow temperatures
Wenbing Jiang, Xuankai Xu, Jiazhen Pan, Hancong Sun, Yu Guo, Huabing Wang, Libing Zhou, Tao Wu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10983

Loss investigations of high frequency lithium niobate Lamb wave resonators at ultralow temperatures
Lamb wave resonators (LWRs) operating at ultralow temperatures serve as promising acoustic platforms for implementing microwave-optical transduction and radio frequency (RF) front-ends in aerospace communications because of the exceptional electromechanical coupling (k^2) and frequency scalability. However, the properties of LWRs at cryogenic temperatures have not been well understood yet. Herein, we experimentally investigate the temperature dependence of the quality factor and resonant freque…

Learning to Mitigate Post-Outage Load Surges: A Data-Driven Framework for Electrifying and Decarbonizing Grids
Wenlong Shi, Dingwei Wang, Liming Liu, Zhaoyu Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08357

Learning to Mitigate Post-Outage Load Surges: A Data-Driven Framework for Electrifying and Decarbonizing Grids
Electrification and decarbonization are transforming power system demand and recovery dynamics, yet their implications for post-outage load surges remain poorly understood. Here we analyze a metropolitan-scale heterogeneous dataset for Indianapolis comprising 30,046 feeder-level outages between 2020 and 2024, linked to smart meters and submetering, to quantify the causal impact of electric vehicles (EVs), heat pumps (HPs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) on restoration surges. Statistica…

Generic Hecke algebras in the infinite
Davide Dal Martello
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08209 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.08209…

Generic Hecke algebras in the infinite
Aiming for a revival of the theory of crystallographic complex reflection groups, we compute (minimal) Coxeter-like reflection presentations for the infinite families of those non-genuine groups which satisfy Steinberg's fixed point theorem. These new presentations behave à la Coxeter, encoding many of the group's properties at a glance, and their signature feature -- named the $x$-relation -- is fully understood in terms of configuration spaces. Crucially, the presentations further achieve th…

I told my daughter that there are parts of the internet that will buy any old shit as long as there is a cat or a reference to coffee on it, and she understood the assignment.
https://monad.teemill.com/product/coffee-cats-womens/

Coffee Cats - Women's
Coffee first, THEN scritches.

Axion Perturbations: A General Analytical Treatment
Itamar J. Allali, Priyesh Chakraborty, JiJi Fan, Matthew Reece
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07371 https://

Axion Perturbations: A General Analytical Treatment
Cosmological data provides us two key constraints on dark matter (DM): it must have a particular abundance, and it must have an adiabatic spectrum of density perturbations in the early universe. Many different cosmological scenarios have been proposed that establish the abundance of axion DM in qualitatively different ways. In this paper we emphasize that, despite this variety of backgrounds, the perturbations in axion DM can be understood from universal principles. How does a feebly interactin…

Lumos: Performance Characterization of WebAssembly as a Serverless Runtime in the Edge-Cloud Continuum
Cynthia Marcelino, Noah Krennmair, Thomas Pusztai, Stefan Nastic
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05118 …

Lumos: Performance Characterization of WebAssembly as a Serverless Runtime in the Edge-Cloud Continuum
WebAssembly has emerged as a lightweight and portable runtime to execute serverless functions, particularly in heterogeneous and resource-constrained environments such as the Edge Cloud Continuum. However, the performance benefits versus trade-offs remain insufficiently understood. This paper presents Lumos, a performance model and benchmarking tool for characterizing serverless runtimes. Lumos identifies workload, system, and environment-level performance drivers in the Edge-Cloud Continuum. W…

When it comes to Argentina, Musk and Trump are suddenly pulling in the same direction again. The right-wing libertarian project must not fail. Anyone who criticizes them for disregarding their own principles has not yet understood the political project.

Where Have All the Kaczmarz Iterates Gone?
El Houcine Bergou, Soumia Boucherouite, Aritra Dutta, Xin Li, Anna Ma
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08563 https://a…

Where Have All the Kaczmarz Iterates Gone?
The randomized Kaczmarz (RK) algorithm is one of the most computationally and memory-efficient iterative algorithms for solving large-scale linear systems. However, practical applications often involve noisy and potentially inconsistent systems. While the convergence of RK is well understood for consistent systems, the study of RK on noisy, inconsistent linear systems is limited. This paper investigates the asymptotic behavior of RK iterates in expectation when solving noisy and inconsistent sy…

On decomposability and subdifferential of the tensor nuclear norm
Jiewen Guan, Bo Jiang, Zhening Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.04647 https://arxiv.org/pdf/…

On decomposability and subdifferential of the tensor nuclear norm
We study the decomposability and the subdifferential of the tensor nuclear norm. Both concepts are well understood and widely applied in matrices but remain unclear for higher-order tensors. We show that the tensor nuclear norm admits a full decomposability over specific subspaces and determine the largest possible subspaces that allow the full decomposability. We derive novel inclusions of the subdifferential of the tensor nuclear norm and study its subgradients in a variety of subspaces of in…

Proprioceptive Misestimation of Hand Speed
Caitlin Callaghan, David J Reinkensmeyer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11664 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.11664

Proprioceptive Misestimation of Hand Speed
The accuracy with which the human proprioceptive system estimates hand speed is not well understood. To investigate this, we designed an experiment using hobby-grade mechatronics parts and integrated it as a laboratory exercise in a large remote laboratory course. In a simple joint position reproduction task, participants (N = 191) grasped a servomotor-driven shaft with one hand as it followed a randomized trajectory composed of sinusoidal submovements. They simultaneously attempted to reproduc…

Massive Gauge Theories from Consistency Conditions of Amplitudes
Junmou Chen
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09003 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.09003

Massive Gauge Theories from Consistency Conditions of Amplitudes
Based on the general principles of Lorentz symmetry and unitary, we introduce two consistency conditions -- on-shell gauge symmetry and strong massive-massless continuation -- in constructing amplitudes of massive gauge theory with elementary particles. In particular we argue on-shell gauge symmtry can be understood as a consequence of Lorentz symmetry, through mixture of a spin-1 block ands a spin-0 block with degnerate mass spectrum. Based on the two conditions, combined with the little group…

Early Detection and Reduction of Memorisation for Domain Adaptation and Instruction Tuning
Dean L. Slack, Noura Al Moubayed
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11372 https://

Early Detection and Reduction of Memorisation for Domain Adaptation and Instruction Tuning
Although large language models excel across many tasks, they can memorise training data and thereby expose private or copyrighted text. Most defences target the pre-training stage, leaving memorisation during fine-tuning, especially for domain adaptation and instruction tuning, poorly understood. We fine-tune Pythia, Llama3, and Mistral models spanning 1.4B-70B parameters on common evaluation datasets and track verbatim memorisation throughout training. We find that memorisation increases drama…

🫀 Increased aerobic fitness in adolescent athletes is linked to poorly understood abnormal cardiovascular changes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-10-aerobic-adolescent-athletes-linked-poorly.html

Increased aerobic fitness in adolescent athletes is linked to poorly understood abnormal cardiovascular changes
Adolescent athletes' cardiovascular system may adapt to increased cardiorespiratory fitness by increasing blood pressure, arterial stiffness and heart growth, a new study shows. The study was conducted in collaboration between the Technical University of Munich and the University of Eastern Finland, and the results were published in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.

Atomic-Scale Origins of Oxidation Resistance in Amorphous Boron Nitride
Onurcan Kaya (Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona), Qiushi Deng (School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia), Thomas Souvignet (Universit\'e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LMI UMR 5615, Villeurbanne, France), Catherine Marichy (Universit\'e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LMI UMR 5615, V…

Atomic-Scale Origins of Oxidation Resistance in Amorphous Boron Nitride
Amorphous boron nitride (\textrm{$α$}-BN) is a promising ultrathin barrier for nanoelectronics, yet the atomistic mechanisms governing its chemical stability remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the structure-property relationship that dictates the oxidation of \textrm{$α$}-BN using a combination of machine-learning molecular dynamics simulations and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The simulations reveal that the film structure, controlled by synthesis conditions, i…

I wonder how well the low-curiosity people incompetently running our mostly-idle government have understood the nature of who government helps the most.
HINT: If government help was mostly for the poor, we would not have both billionaires and homelessness.
Air traffic control is a state-socialist subsidy service. It exists to make commercial passenger and cargo airlines feasible, an unevenly-distributed benefit. Reducing capacity by 10% won't affect 90% of Americans.
…

🔥 Die #Nordsee heizt sich doppelt so schnell auf wie vor 2013.
Marine #Hitzewellen nehmen stark zu. Seit 1982 stieg die #Wassertemperatur um 0,38 °C pro Jahrzehnt, Hitzewellen wurden …

Amplified warming and marine heatwaves in the North Sea under a warming climate and their impacts
Abstract. The northeast Atlantic and adjacent regions, such as the North Sea, are among the fastest-warming areas in the world. However, the role of climate change and internal variability in marine heatwaves (MHWs) in this region remains poorly understood. This study aims to quantify the relevant changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and MHWs in the North Sea, as well as to identify the leading patterns of interannual MHW variability over more than 4 decades (1982–2024). Our results indi…

Task-Level Insights from Eigenvalues across Sequence Models
Rahel Rickenbach, Jelena Trisovic, Alexandre Didier, Jerome Sieber, Melanie N. Zeilinger
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09379

Task-Level Insights from Eigenvalues across Sequence Models
Although softmax attention drives state-of-the-art performance for sequence models, its quadratic complexity limits scalability, motivating linear alternatives such as state space models (SSMs). While these alternatives improve efficiency, their fundamental differences in information processing remain poorly understood. In this work, we leverage the recently proposed dynamical systems framework to represent softmax, norm and linear attention as dynamical systems, enabling a structured compariso…

Refusal Falls off a Cliff: How Safety Alignment Fails in Reasoning?
Qingyu Yin, Chak Tou Leong, Linyi Yang, Wenxuan Huang, Wenjie Li, Xiting Wang, Jaehong Yoon, YunXing, XingYu, Jinjin Gu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06036

Refusal Falls off a Cliff: How Safety Alignment Fails in Reasoning?
Large reasoning models (LRMs) with multi-step reasoning capabilities have shown remarkable problem-solving abilities, yet they exhibit concerning safety vulnerabilities that remain poorly understood. In this work, we investigate why safety alignment fails in reasoning models through a mechanistic interpretability lens. Using a linear probing approach to trace refusal intentions across token positions, we discover a striking phenomenon termed as \textbf{refusal cliff}: many poorly-aligned reason…

Internal documents: Amazon's data center operations total 900 facilities in 50 countries, including AWS colocation facilities, higher than commonly understood (Matt Day/Bloomberg)
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/20

The Five Safes as a Privacy Context
James Bailie, Ruobin Gong
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05803 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.05803

The Five Safes as a Privacy Context
The Five Safes is a framework used by national statistical offices (NSO) for assessing and managing the disclosure risk of data sharing. This paper makes two points: Firstly, the Five Safes can be understood as a specialization of a broader concept $\unicode{x2013}$ contextual integrity $\unicode{x2013}$ to the situation of statistical dissemination by an NSO. We demonstrate this by mapping the five parameters of contextual integrity onto the five dimensions of the Five Safes. Secondly, the Fiv…

An empirical study on declined proposals: why are these proposals declined?
Masanari Kondo, Mahmoud Alfadel, Shane McIntosh, Yasutaka Kamei, Naoyasu Ubayashi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06984

An empirical study on declined proposals: why are these proposals declined?
Design-level decisions in open-source software (OSS) projects are often made through structured mechanisms such as proposals, which require substantial community discussion and review. Despite their importance, the proposal process is resource-intensive and often leads to contributor frustration, especially when proposals are declined without clear feedback. Yet, the reasons behind proposal rejection remain poorly understood, limiting opportunities to streamline the process or guide contributor…

What Drives Compositional Generalization in Visual Generative Models?
Karim Farid, Rajat Sahay, Yumna Ali Alnaggar, Simon Schrodi, Volker Fischer, Cordelia Schmid, Thomas Brox
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03075

What Drives Compositional Generalization in Visual Generative Models?
Compositional generalization, the ability to generate novel combinations of known concepts, is a key ingredient for visual generative models. Yet, not all mechanisms that enable or inhibit it are fully understood. In this work, we conduct a systematic study of how various design choices influence compositional generalization in image and video generation in a positive or negative way. Through controlled experiments, we identify two key factors: (i) whether the training objective operates on a d…

Scientists from the University of East Anglia and Oxford BioDynamics have created a highly accurate blood test capable of diagnosing
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,
also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS).
The condition, which causes long-term and often debilitating exhaustion,
affects millions of people around the world,
including more than 400,000 individuals in the UK.
Despite its prevalence,
ME/CFS has remained poorly understood and notorious…

Breakthrough blood test finally confirms Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
A team of scientists has developed a highly accurate blood test for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The test reads tiny DNA patterns that reveal the biological signature of the illness. For millions who’ve faced doubt and misdiagnosis, it’s a breakthrough that finally validates their experience — and may help diagnose long Covid too.

Near-Optimal Second-Order Guarantees for Model-Based Adversarial Imitation Learning
Shangzhe Li, Dongruo Zhou, Weitong Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09487 https://

Near-Optimal Second-Order Guarantees for Model-Based Adversarial Imitation Learning
We study online adversarial imitation learning (AIL), where an agent learns from offline expert demonstrations and interacts with the environment online without access to rewards. Despite strong empirical results, the benefits of online interaction and the impact of stochasticity remain poorly understood. We address these gaps by introducing a model-based AIL algorithm (MB-AIL) and establish its horizon-free, second-order sample-complexity guarantees under general function approximations for bo…

Characterization of permutation gates in the third level of the Clifford hierarchy
Zhiyang He, Luke Robitaille, Xinyu Tan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.04993 https://

Characterization of permutation gates in the third level of the Clifford hierarchy
The Clifford hierarchy is a fundamental structure in quantum computation whose mathematical properties are not fully understood. In this work, we characterize permutation gates -- unitaries which permute the $2^n$ basis states -- in the third level of the hierarchy. We prove that any permutation gate in the third level must be a product of Toffoli gates in what we define as \emph{staircase form}, up to left and right multiplications by Clifford permutations. We then present necessary and suffic…

Understanding the Effects of Domain Finetuning on LLMs
Eshaan Tanwar, Deepak Nathani, William Yang Wang, Tanmoy Chakraborty
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09359 https://

Understanding the Effects of Domain Finetuning on LLMs
Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned for specific domains exhibit strong performance; however, the underlying mechanisms by which this fine-tuning reshapes their parametric space are not well understood. Prior works primarily focus on auto-regressive or general-purpose instruct models, leaving domain-specialised LLMs under-explored. We present the first systematic study of domain-specific fine-tuning in large medical language models. Our analysis reveals that fine-tuning modifies only a smal…

Learning Multi-Index Models with Hyper-Kernel Ridge Regression
Shuo Huang, Hippolyte Labarri\`ere, Ernesto De Vito, Tomaso Poggio, Lorenzo Rosasco
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02532

Learning Multi-Index Models with Hyper-Kernel Ridge Regression
Deep neural networks excel in high-dimensional problems, outperforming models such as kernel methods, which suffer from the curse of dimensionality. However, the theoretical foundations of this success remain poorly understood. We follow the idea that the compositional structure of the learning task is the key factor determining when deep networks outperform other approaches. Taking a step towards formalizing this idea, we consider a simple compositional model, namely the multi-index model (MIM…

Determination of Range Conditions for General Projection Pair Operators
Richard Huber, Rolf Clackdoyle, Laurent Desbat
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07480 https://

Determination of Range Conditions for General Projection Pair Operators
Tomographic techniques are vital in modern medicine, allowing doctors to observe patients' interior features. Individual steps in the measurement process are modeled by `single projection operators' $p$. These are line integral operators over a collection of curves that covers the regions of interest. Then, the entire measurement process can be understood as a finite collection of such single projections, and thus be modeled by an $N$-projections operator $P=(p_1,\dots,p_N)$. The most well-know…

Atomistic origin of low thermal conductivity in quaternary chalcogenides Cu(Cd, Zn)$_2$InTe$_4$
Nirmalya Jana, Amit Agarwal, Koushik Pal
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09040 https:/…

Atomistic origin of low thermal conductivity in quaternary chalcogenides Cu(Cd, Zn)$_2$InTe$_4$
Crystalline semiconductors with intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity ($\mathcal{K}$) are vital for device applications such as barrier coatings and thermoelectrics. Quaternary chalcogenide semiconductors such as CuCd$_2$InTe$_4$ and CuZn$_2$InTe$_4$ are experimentally shown to exhibit low $\mathcal{K}$, yet its microscopic origin remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse their thermal transport mechanisms using a unified first-principles framework that captures both the Peierls (par…

Moloch's Bargain: Emergent Misalignment When LLMs Compete for Audiences
Batu El, James Zou
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06105 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.…

Moloch's Bargain: Emergent Misalignment When LLMs Compete for Audiences
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly shaping how information is created and disseminated, from companies using them to craft persuasive advertisements, to election campaigns optimizing messaging to gain votes, to social media influencers boosting engagement. These settings are inherently competitive, with sellers, candidates, and influencers vying for audience approval, yet it remains poorly understood how competitive feedback loops influence LLM behavior. We show that optimizing LLMs …

👨‍👩‍👦‍👦 Global average farm size may triple by 2100 amid rural population decline
#farming …

Global average farm size may triple by 2100 amid rural population decline
Farm size plays a crucial role in shaping food production systems and environmental outcomes. However, its long-term global trends have remained poorly understood.

Canada’s prime minister, Mark Carney, has given his government’s blessing to an oil pipeline last week
that would cross Alberta and British Columbia and terminate at the Pacific.
But amid fierce debate over the political, environmental and economic implications of the project,
experts warn that the multibillion-dollar project faces immense – and poorly understood – geological hazards.

An Empirical Study of Security-Policy Related Issues in Open Source Projects
Rintaro Kanaji, Brittany Reid, Yutaro Kashiwa, Raula Gaikovina Kula, Hajimu Iida
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05604

An Empirical Study of Security-Policy Related Issues in Open Source Projects
GitHub recommends that projects adopt a SECURITY.md file that outlines vulnerability reporting procedures. However, the effectiveness and operational challenges of such files are not yet fully understood. This study aims to clarify the challenges that SECURITY.md files face in the vulnerability reporting process within open-source communities. Specifically, we classified and analyzed the content of 711 randomly sampled issues related to SECURITY.md. We also conducted a quantitative comparative …

Memory Retrieval and Consolidation in Large Language Models through Function Tokens
Shaohua Zhang, Yuan Lin, Hang Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08203 https://

Memory Retrieval and Consolidation in Large Language Models through Function Tokens
The remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) stems from their ability to consolidate vast amounts of knowledge into the memory during pre-training and to retrieve it from the memory during inference, enabling advanced capabilities such as knowledge memorization, instruction-following and reasoning. However, the mechanisms of memory retrieval and consolidation in LLMs remain poorly understood. In this paper, we propose the function token hypothesis to explain the workings of LLMs: Duri…

Improved High-probability Convergence Guarantees of Decentralized SGD
Aleksandar Armacki, Ali H. Sayed
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06141 https://arxiv.org/p…

Improved High-probability Convergence Guarantees of Decentralized SGD
Convergence in high-probability (HP) has been receiving increasing interest, due to its attractive properties, such as exponentially decaying tail bounds and strong guarantees for each individual run of an algorithm. While HP guarantees are extensively studied in centralized settings, much less is understood in the decentralized, networked setup. Existing HP studies in decentralized settings impose strong assumptions, like uniformly bounded gradients, or asymptotically vanishing noise, resultin…

Mining the Mind: What 100M Beliefs Reveal About Frontier LLM Knowledge
Shrestha Ghosh, Luca Giordano, Yujia Hu, Tuan-Phong Nguyen, Simon Razniewski
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07024

Mining the Mind: What 100M Beliefs Reveal About Frontier LLM Knowledge
LLMs are remarkable artifacts that have revolutionized a range of NLP and AI tasks. A significant contributor is their factual knowledge, which, to date, remains poorly understood, and is usually analyzed from biased samples. In this paper, we take a deep tour into the factual knowledge (or beliefs) of a frontier LLM, based on GPTKB v1.5 (Hu et al., 2025a), a recursively elicited set of 100 million beliefs of one of the strongest currently available frontier LLMs, GPT-4.1. We find that the mode…

Casualty figures for Drone Operators are not disclosed
but widely understood to be high
And Ukraine is becoming reliant on civilians to fill roles that once belonged to trained military personnel.
A short but intensive 15-day course is given to a trainee operator for frontline deployment,
a turnaround that reflects the urgent need.

Fundamental Limits of Crystalline Equivariant Graph Neural Networks: A Circuit Complexity Perspective
Yang Cao, Zhao Song, Jiahao Zhang, Jiale Zhao
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05494

Fundamental Limits of Crystalline Equivariant Graph Neural Networks: A Circuit Complexity Perspective
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become a core paradigm for learning on relational data. In materials science, equivariant GNNs (EGNNs) have emerged as a compelling backbone for crystalline-structure prediction, owing to their ability to respect Euclidean symmetries and periodic boundary conditions. Despite strong empirical performance, their expressive power in periodic, symmetry-constrained settings remains poorly understood. This work characterizes the intrinsic computational and expressive…

Multilingual Routing in Mixture-of-Experts
Lucas Bandarkar, Chenyuan Yang, Mohsen Fayyaz, Junlin Hu, Nanyun Peng
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.04694 https://a…

Multilingual Routing in Mixture-of-Experts
Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have become the key to scaling modern LLMs, yet little is understood about how their sparse routing dynamics respond to multilingual data. In this work, we analyze expert routing patterns using parallel multilingual datasets and present highly interpretable layer-wise phenomena. We find that MoE models route tokens in language-specific ways in the early and late decoder layers but exhibit significant cross-lingual routing alignment in middle layers, mirror…

Why Do We Need Warm-up? A Theoretical Perspective
Foivos Alimisis, Rustem Islamov, Aurelien Lucchi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03164 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2…

Why Do We Need Warm-up? A Theoretical Perspective
Learning rate warm-up - increasing the learning rate at the beginning of training - has become a ubiquitous heuristic in modern deep learning, yet its theoretical foundations remain poorly understood. In this work, we provide a principled explanation for why warm-up improves training. We rely on a generalization of the $(L_0, L_1)$-smoothness condition, which bounds local curvature as a linear function of the loss sub-optimality and exhibits desirable closure properties. We demonstrate both the…

Time-To-Inconsistency: A Survival Analysis of Large Language Model Robustness to Adversarial Attacks
Yubo Li, Ramayya Krishnan, Rema Padman
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02712 http…

Time-To-Inconsistency: A Survival Analysis of Large Language Model Robustness to Adversarial Attacks
Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized conversational AI, yet their robustness in extended multi-turn dialogues remains poorly understood. Existing evaluation frameworks focus on static benchmarks and single-turn assessments, failing to capture the temporal dynamics of conversational degradation that characterize real-world interactions. In this work, we present the first comprehensive survival analysis of conversational AI robustness, analyzing 36,951 conversation turns across 9 stat…

Improving Zero-shot Sentence Decontextualisation with Content Selection and Planning
Zhenyun Deng, Yulong Chen, Andreas Vlachos
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17921 https://

Improving Zero-shot Sentence Decontextualisation with Content Selection and Planning
Extracting individual sentences from a document as evidence or reasoning steps is commonly done in many NLP tasks. However, extracted sentences often lack context necessary to make them understood, e.g., coreference and background information. To this end, we propose a content selection and planning framework for zero-shot decontextualisation, which determines what content should be mentioned and in what order for a sentence to be understood out of context. Specifically, given a potentially amb…

Diffusion Models and the Manifold Hypothesis: Log-Domain Smoothing is Geometry Adaptive
Tyler Farghly, Peter Potaptchik, Samuel Howard, George Deligiannidis, Jakiw Pidstrigach
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02305

Diffusion Models and the Manifold Hypothesis: Log-Domain Smoothing is Geometry Adaptive
Diffusion models have achieved state-of-the-art performance, demonstrating remarkable generalisation capabilities across diverse domains. However, the mechanisms underpinning these strong capabilities remain only partially understood. A leading conjecture, based on the manifold hypothesis, attributes this success to their ability to adapt to low-dimensional geometric structure within the data. This work provides evidence for this conjecture, focusing on how such phenomena could result from the …

How Does the Pretraining Distribution Shape In-Context Learning? Task Selection, Generalization, and Robustness
Wa\"iss Azizian, Ali Hasan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01163 …

How Does the Pretraining Distribution Shape In-Context Learning? Task Selection, Generalization, and Robustness
The emergence of in-context learning (ICL) in large language models (LLMs) remains poorly understood despite its consistent effectiveness, enabling models to adapt to new tasks from only a handful of examples. To clarify and improve these capabilities, we characterize how the statistical properties of the pretraining distribution (e.g., tail behavior, coverage) shape ICL on numerical tasks. We develop a theoretical framework that unifies task selection and generalization, extending and sharpeni…