Tootfinder

Didn’t know these quotes, but I love writing code ina world of constraints.
(From “math with bad drawings”)

Sutskever: We need new inductive constraints.
Marcus: That means neurosymbolic architectures! He said it. I was right all along. Why didn't anybody listen to me, the modern Cassandra? Woe is me.

Lastly, whenever I do work with people through a specific case of them having felt like they needed to rely on an LLM, it often goes like this.
They feel guilty and ashamed.
They explain how impossible getting that task done felt with their time and energy constraints.
Yet when I talk them through other ways of solving the same problem, often we end up completing the work much quicker than it even took them to prompt the damn LLM to begin with.
And at the end, I have often seen relief - as if the person has forgotten that there are ways to work quickly while trusting their own brain, getting help in collaboration with another person rather than from a machine.
I do kind of love seeing someone realize that the AI they thought was saving them time actually caused more hassle and stress than it was worth. And that there’s a better way.

Dark Energy Survey Year 6 Results - Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing: #DarkEnergy come together in a single experiment for the first time. Also Dark Energy Survey - DESI-Independent Angular BAO Measurement: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14864. And CosmoSlider - An educational tool for cosmology: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16919

How constraints fuel creativity!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoUMdM3x5Dw

LoD-Structured 3D Gaussian Splatting for Streaming Video Reconstruction
Xinhui Liu, Can Wang, Lei Liu, Zhenghao Chen, Wei Jiang, Wei Wang, Dong Xu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18475 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.18475 https://arxiv.org/html/2601.18475
arXiv:2601.18475v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Free-Viewpoint Video (FVV) reconstruction enables photorealistic and interactive 3D scene visualization; however, real-time streaming is often bottlenecked by sparse-view inputs, prohibitive training costs, and bandwidth constraints. While recent 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has advanced FVV due to its superior rendering speed, Streaming Free-Viewpoint Video (SFVV) introduces additional demands for rapid optimization, high-fidelity reconstruction under sparse constraints, and minimal storage footprints. To bridge this gap, we propose StreamLoD-GS, an LoD-based Gaussian Splatting framework designed specifically for SFVV. Our approach integrates three core innovations: 1) an Anchor- and Octree-based LoD-structured 3DGS with a hierarchical Gaussian dropout technique to ensure efficient and stable optimization while maintaining high-quality rendering; 2) a GMM-based motion partitioning mechanism that separates dynamic and static content, refining dynamic regions while preserving background stability; and 3) a quantized residual refinement framework that significantly reduces storage requirements without compromising visual fidelity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that StreamLoD-GS achieves competitive or state-of-the-art performance in terms of quality, efficiency, and storage.
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I recently encountered an issue with the Renovate Bot, where it consistently selected the latest version of PHP for dependency analysis.
I have documented my findings & learnings in my latest @… blog post:

PHP Version Constraints for Renovate Bot | bitExpert
Lean how to fix Renovate Bot dependency update issues after PHP 8.5 upgrades by configuring language constraints in your renovate.json file.

I explained something for a friend in a simple way, and I think it's worth paraphrasing again here.
You cannot create a system that constrains itself. Any constraint on a system must be external to the system, or that constraint can be ignored or removed. That's just how systems work. Every constitution for every country claims to do this impossible thing, a thing proven is impossible almost 100 years ago now. Gödel's loophole has been known to exist since 1947.
Every constitution in the world, every "separation of powers" and set of "checks and balances," attempts to do something which is categorically impossible. Every government is always, at best, a few steps away from authoritarianism. From this, we would then expect that governments trand towards authoritarianism. Which, of course, is what we see historically.
Constraints on power are a formality, because no real controls can possibly exist. So then democratic processes become sort of collective classifiers that try to select only people who won't plunge the country into a dictatorship. Again, because this claim of restrictions on powers is a lie (willful or ignorant, a lie reguardless) that classifier has to be correct 100% of the time (even assuming a best case scenario). That's statistically unlikely.
So as long as you have a system of concentrated power, you will have the worst people attracted to it, and you will inevitably have that power fall into the hands of one of the worst possible person.
Fortunately, there is an alternative. The alternative is to not centralize power. In the security world we try to design systems that assume compromise and minimize impact, rather than just assuming that we will be right 100% of the time. If you build systems that maximially distribute power, then you minimize the impact of one horrible person.
Now, I didn't mention this because we're both already under enough stress, but...
Almost 90% of the nuclear weapons deployed around the world are in the hands of ghoulish dictators. Only two of the countries with nuclear weapons not straight up authoritarian, but they're not far off. We're one crashout away from steralizing the surface of the Earth with nuclear hellfire. Maybe countries shouldn't exist, and *definitely* multiple thousands of nuclear weapons shouldn't exist and shouldn't all be wired together to launch as soon as one of these assholes goes a bit too far sideways.

At what point does anyone think it will be economically feasible for a government to speculatively decode bulk intercepts of circa 2025 traffic (using, say, 2048 bit RSA keys) using quantum computers?
As in you've got 100k qubits you're not otherwise using, and no real energy constraints.
Because I've seen that used as reason not to allow Royal Mint Court to be used by China.

Ukrainian Forces in Mirnohrad face operational encirclement amid severe logistics constraints, MP says: https://benborges.xyz/2025/12/23/ukrainian-forces-in-mirnohrad-face.html

Industry executives say nearly all major memory chipmakers are running at or near full capacity, with 2026 production slots almost "sold out" due to AI demand (Nikkei Asia)
https://asia.nikkei.com/business/technolog…

Rampant AI demand throws the memory chip market into turmoil
Supply constraints spark warnings of price rises and launch delays for consumer electronics

Canadian PM Mark Carney at Davos, on the rupture of the old world order:
https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/speeches/2026/01/20/principled-and-pragmatic-canadas-path-prime-minister-carney-addresses
He goes righ…

“Principled and pragmatic: Canada’s path” Prime Minister Carney addresses the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting
Thank you, Larry.It’s a pleasure – and a duty – to be with you at this turning point for Canada and for the world.Today, I’ll talk about the rupture in the world order, the end of a nice story, and the beginning of a brutal reality where geopolitics among the great powers is not subject to any constraints.

Comments by heads of Amazon, Microsoft, Anthropic, OpenAI and others, many delivered at the World Economic Forum in Davos, reveal a shift of narrative from optimistic inevitability towards recognition of geopolitical tensions, energy scarcity, economic bubbles and the race to make AI truly useful.
https://www.

Big tech leaders opine on the future of AI
Big tech leaders have been opining this week, on the future of AI, taking on the bubble talk, resource constraints and opportunities.

The Atacama #Cosmology Telescope: DR6 maps / power spectra, likelihoods and ΛCDM parameters / constraints on extended cosmological models: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/061 / https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/062 / https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/11/063 -> ACT releases its final data, shaping the future of cosmology: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106637

I am not resting easy yet.
A bunch of people who are basically straight-up Nazis just got humiliated. They’re hurting, they’re angry, and they’re in my city.
And they’re pants-on-head dumbshits. (One of their posters bemoaned the “erogion [sic] of our rights.”) That’s not a comfort: sometimes that’s the most dangerous kind of right-winger. Their utter amateurishness means they have no sense of constraints and no sense of consequences. I don’t know what they’ll try to do next.
We remain wary and •highly• watchful. But I’m going to take the win on this round.
/end

“Israeli soldiers have described a free-for-all in Gaza and a breakdown in norms and legal constraints, with civilians killed at the whim of individual officers, according to testimony in a TV documentary.
“If you want to shoot without restraint, you can,” Daniel, the commander of an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) tank unit, says in Breaking Ranks: Inside Israel’s War, due to be broadcast in the UK on ITV on Monday evening.
Some of the IDF soldiers who talked to the programme reques…

Sometimes I understand why people design new standards or formats when the existing ones can’t be extended (whether due to practical constraints, authority, or bureaucracy) or simply aren’t flexible enough to evolve. I think the XKCD comic doesn’t include that aspect.
And yes, maybe new standards will appear.
#nocontext

"In summary, #AGI, as commonly conceived, will not happen because it ignores the physical constraints of computation, the exponential costs of linear progress, and the fundamental limits we are already encountering. Superintelligence is a fantasy because it assumes that intelligence can recursively self-improve without bound, ignoring the physical and economic realities that constrain all systems. …

"So it’s not enough to equate Trump’s legions to the Gestapo or the Klan. (I’ve done both.) He also is the 21st-century version of Attila or Genghis Khan, heading a horde that is defined by an exterminationist loathing of cities and all that they stand for and promote. Their diversity, their toleration, their culture, their solidarity across racial and other lines—all are threats to the horde’s and its ruler’s autocratic monoculture. On the streets, the horde’s loathing manifests as indifference (at least) to the loss of city dwellers’ lives.
As it is the 21st century, and as we have an 18th-century Constitution, Trump’s impulse for city sacking Š la Attila is constrained by laws and customs, but he’s plainly determined to find ways around as many of those constraints as he possibly can. Correspondingly, a good share of the fear he’s engendered all across America has an ancient pedigree: It’s the fear of the barbarians at the gates."
#USPolitics
https://prospect.org/2026/01/15/attila-genghis-khan-trump/

I think we can actually prove that this constraint is the *only* constraint that can preserve freedom:
1. There will exist actors in a system who will wish to take advantage of others. Evolution drives survival and one strategy for increasing survival in an altruistic society is to become a parasite.
2. Expecting exploitative dynamics, a system needs to have a set of rules to manage exploitation.
3. If the set of rules is static it will lack the requisite variety necessary to manage the infinite possible behavior of humans so the system will fail.
4. If the system is dynamic then it must have a rule set about how it's own rules are updated. This would make the system recursive, which makes the system at least as complex as mathematics. Any system at least as complex as mathematics is necessarily either incomplete or inconsistent (Gödel's incompleteness theorem). If the system is incomplete, then constraints can be evaded which then allow a malicious agent to seize control of the system and update the rules for their own benefit. If constraints are incomplete, then a malicious agent can take advantage of others within the system.
5. Therefore, no social system can possibly protect freedom unless there exists a single metasystemic constraint (that the system must be optional) allowing for the system to be abandoned when compromised.
Oh, you might say, but this just means you have to infinitely abandon systems. Sure, but there's an evolutionary advantage to cooperation so there's evolutionary pressure to *not* be a malicious actor. So a malicious actor being able to compromise the whole system is likely to be a much more rare event. Compromising a system is a lot of work, so the first thing a malicious actor would want to do is preserve that work. They would want to lock you in. The most important objective to a malicious actor compromising a system would be to violate that metasystemic constraint, or all of their work goes out the window when everyone leaves.
And now you understand why borders exist, why fascists are obsessed with maintaining categories like gender, race, ethnicity, etc. This is why even Democrats like Newsom are on board with putting houseless people in concentration camps. And this is why the most important thing anarchists promote is the ability to choose not to be part of any of that.

Because #accessibility is out of scope for Baseline, devs may not know how poorly supported a feature is and miss an opportunity to vote for things that are barriers to users and risks to orgs.
“Vote for the web features you want to see”
https://

https://assumptionblanket.blogspot.com/2026/01/i-just-got-laid-off-but-this-post-isnt.html?m=1

I just got laid off. But this post isn’t what you think.
OK, deep breath, here we go. Yesterday, January 12, 2026, I got laid off from my job with the State of Minnesota due to budget constraints...

🌊 Offshore Pumped Hydro Could Solve Clean Energy's Biggest Problem
https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Offshore-Pumped-Hydro-Could-Solve-Clean-Energys-Biggest-Problem.html

Offshore Pumped Hydro Could Solve Clean Energy's Biggest Problem
An Italian startup is developing an offshore pumped hydro storage system that avoids the environmental and geographical constraints of traditional land-based dams, offering a potentially disruptive solution for long-duration energy storage and grid stability.

Block Communications announces that The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette will cease publication May 3; the closure will not affect its sister newspaper, The Toledo Blade (Mark Walker/New York Times)
https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/07/business/media/pittsburgh-po…

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Announces It Will Cease Operations
The family-owned company that operates the newspaper cited mounting losses and labor constraints. A final edition is expected on Sunday, May 3.

Today, I designed, built and launched a small software application within very strict financial, security, hardware and software constraints.
Then I helped people with all levels of tech skill, and different hardware and software configurations, get it running with their own setups.
That's a lot of corporate speak and being vague, but it feels good to have it out in the world helping people: letting them get a very specific thing done better.

Copy-Trasform-Paste: Zero-Shot Object-Object Alignment Guided by Vision-Language and Geometric Constraints
Rotem Gatenyo, Ohad Fried
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14207 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.14207 https://arxiv.org/html/2601.14207
arXiv:2601.14207v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: We study zero-shot 3D alignment of two given meshes, using a text prompt describing their spatial relation -- an essential capability for content creation and scene assembly. Earlier approaches primarily rely on geometric alignment procedures, while recent work leverages pretrained 2D diffusion models to model language-conditioned object-object spatial relationships. In contrast, we directly optimize the relative pose at test time, updating translation, rotation, and isotropic scale with CLIP-driven gradients via a differentiable renderer, without training a new model. Our framework augments language supervision with geometry-aware objectives: a variant of soft-Iterative Closest Point (ICP) term to encourage surface attachment and a penetration loss to discourage interpenetration. A phased schedule strengthens contact constraints over time, and camera control concentrates the optimization on the interaction region. To enable evaluation, we curate a benchmark containing diverse categories and relations, and compare against baselines. Our method outperforms all alternatives, yielding semantically faithful and physically plausible alignments.
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Structural constraints on mobility edges in one-dimensional quasiperiodic systems
Sanghoon Lee, Tilen Cadez, Kyoung-Min Kim
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15799 https://

Pete Hegseth, told soldiers under his command in Iraq to
ignore legal advice about when they were permitted to kill enemy combatants under their rules of engagement.
The anecdote is contained in a book Hegseth wrote last year in which he also repeatedly railed against the
constraints placed on “American warfighters” by the laws of war and the Geneva conventions.
Hegseth is currently under scrutiny for a 2 September attack on a boat purportedly carrying drugs in the Ca…

Chinese AI executives say China is unlikely to eclipse the US in the AI race anytime soon, citing limited resources and US chip export curbs as key constraints (Bloomberg)
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-01-10/ch…

This is the best critique of SF's Family Zoning Plan I've seen, from Fernando Martí, who knows his stuff.
“Zoning is not the primary constraint to construction today — not in SF where it costs $800,000 or more to build a unit of housing. Nor is environmental review or planning approvals. If these were the constraints to production, then we wouldn’t have tens of thousands of already approved market-rate units unable to get construction financing”

A clever solution for buildings that can't handle traditional solar panels is coming to Australia.
Smart Commercial and Over Easy Solar are launching prefab vertical rooftop systems with bifacial panels that install easily on structures with weight limits or design constraints. The vertical setup shifts power generation to morning and afternoon hours, complementing standard rooftop arrays.

Smart Commercial to roll out prefab vertical rooftop PV system
Smart Commercial Energy has unveiled a new prefabricated vertical rooftop solar system for the Australian market as part of a collaboration with Norwegian clean energy company Over Easy Solar.

I still think Wirtz was offside and hearing the commentators say that the semi-automated offsides technology is not in the same room as VAR and that they have to relay back and forth the assisting player and scoring player's numbers... is bananas!
Different company because of partnership constraints, but the SAOT at other major tournaments is instantaneous. Now we eventually get an image, but not vision of the ball at the moment the image purports to represent. PGMOL incompetence👏 …

You may know the project management triangle.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management_triangle
It puts the quality of a product in the center and pictures the scope, budget and time as constraints.
There is this other triagle I see for companies:

Replaced article(s) found for physics.atom-ph. https://arxiv.org/list/physics.atom-ph/new
[1/1]:
- Constraints on the Variation of the QCD Interaction Scale $\Lambda_{\text{QCD}}$
V. V. Flambaum, A. J. Mansour

Non-Gravitational Acceleration in 3I ATLAS: Constraints on Exotic Volatile Outgassing in Interstellar Comets
Florian Neukart
https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07450 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.07450 https://arxiv.org/html/2511.07450
arXiv:2511.07450v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: The interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS exhibited a measurable nongravitational acceleration similar in form to that of 1I/'Oumuamua but of smaller magnitude. Using thermophysical and Monte Carlo models, we show that this acceleration can be fully explained by anisotropic outgassing of conventional volatiles, primarily CO and CO2, under realistic surface and rotational conditions. The model includes diurnal and obliquity-averaged energy balance, empirical vapor-pressure relations, and collimated jet emission from localized active regions. Mixed CO-CO2 compositions reproduce both the magnitude and direction of the observed acceleration with physically plausible active fractions below one percent for nucleus radii between 0.5 and 3 km. Less volatile species such as NH3 and CH4 underproduce thrust at equilibrium temperatures near 1 AU. These results eliminate the need for nonphysical or exotic explanations and define thermophysical limits for natural acceleration mechanisms in interstellar comets.
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Crosslisted article(s) found for cs.FL. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.FL/new
[1/1]:
- Learning specifications for reactive synthesis with safety constraints
Kandai Watanabe, Nicholas Renninger, Sriram Sankaranarayanan, Morteza Lahijanian
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05533 https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_csRO_bot/115881279625696255
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dHPR: A Distributed Halpern Peaceman--Rachford Method for Non-smooth Distributed Optimization Problems
Zhangcheng Feng, Defeng Sun, Yancheng Yuan, Guojun Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10069 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.10069 https://arxiv.org/html/2511.10069
arXiv:2511.10069v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: This paper introduces the distributed Halpern Peaceman--Rachford (dHPR) method, an efficient algorithm for solving distributed convex composite optimization problems with non-smooth objectives, which achieves a non-ergodic $O(1/k)$ iteration complexity regarding Karush--Kuhn--Tucker residual. By leveraging the symmetric Gauss--Seidel decomposition, the dHPR effectively decouples the linear operators in the objective functions and consensus constraints while maintaining parallelizability and avoiding additional large proximal terms, leading to a decentralized implementation with provably fast convergence. The superior performance of dHPR is demonstrated through comprehensive numerical experiments on distributed LASSO, group LASSO, and $L_1$-regularized logistic regression problems.
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> Our conclusion is clear: AI is promising for quality assurance and marker training, but for the moment it’s nowhere near ready to take over high stakes marking.
https://ofqual.blog.gov.uk/2026/01/14/using-ai-in-mar…

Using AI in marking: why technical capability, fairness, and transparency all matter
Ofqual has published new research exploring artificial intelligence’s potential role in marking, as well as its current capabilities and constraints. Rather than providing definitive answers, the published working paper offers an overview of the topic, shares our current thinking, highlights …

TDCOSMO 2025 - Cosmological constraints from #StrongLensing time delays: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/12/aa55801-25/aa55801-25.html -> A speed camera for the universe: https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/press/z0508_00434.html - researchers exploit gravitational lensing to see how fast the universe is really expanding.

"Budget constraints and EU delays hampered UK’s forest efforts at COP30, says Miliband"
#UK #UnitedKingdom #EU #EuropeanUnion

JWST-TST DREAMS - NIRSpec/PRISM Transmission Spectroscopy of the Habitable Zone Planet TRAPPIST-1 e & Secondary Atmosphere Constraints for the Habitable Zone Planet TRAPPIST-1 e / The Photochemical Plausibility of Warm Exo-Titans Orbiting M Dwarf Stars: #TRAPPIST-1e, an Earth-sized, habitable-zone exoplanet: https://news.arizona.edu/news/new-look-trappist-1e-earth-sized-habitable-zone-exoplanet

Fascinated at how Wikidata's property constraints push particular models.
The capture of Maduro has different instance values, eg both "military intervention" and "kidnapping" (with a "disputed by" qualifier).
But the (disputed) inclusion then tries to push the use of perpetrator/victim values, rather than a neutral "participant".
(Wikidata property values have highly contextual meanings beyond simple labels... but editors are sti…

The 0.5 Ratio Limit and Geometry-Induced Missing Energy: Universal 3D Quantum Constraints on Fragment Distributions from Attosecond to Subatomic Scales
Jinzhen Zhu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08255

Benders Decomposition for Passenger-Oriented Train Timetabling with Hybrid Periodicity
Zhiyuan Yao, Anita Sch\"obel, Lei Nie, Sven J\"ager
https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.09892 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.09892 https://arxiv.org/html/2511.09892
arXiv:2511.09892v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Periodic timetables are widely adopted in passenger railway operations due to their regular service patterns and well-coordinated train connections. However, fluctuations in passenger demand require varying train services across different periods, necessitating adjustments to the periodic timetable. This study addresses a hybrid periodic train timetabling problem, which enhances the flexibility and demand responsiveness of a given periodic timetable through schedule adjustments and aperiodic train insertions, taking into account the rolling stock circulation. Since timetable modifications may affect initial passenger routes, passenger routing is incorporated into the problem to guide planning decisions towards a passenger-oriented objective. Using a time-space network representation, the problem is formulated as a dynamic railway service network design model with resource constraints. To handle the complexity of real-world instances, we propose a decomposition-based algorithm integrating Benders decomposition and column generation, enhanced with multiple preprocessing and accelerating techniques. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and highlight the advantage of hybrid periodic timetables in reducing passenger travel costs.
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Riccati-ZORO: An efficient algorithm for heuristic online optimization of internal feedback laws in robust and stochastic model predictive control
Florian Messerer, Yunfan Gao, Jonathan Frey, Moritz Diehl
https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10473 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.10473 https://arxiv.org/html/2511.10473
arXiv:2511.10473v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: We present Riccati-ZORO, an algorithm for tube-based optimal control problems (OCP). Tube OCPs predict a tube of trajectories in order to capture predictive uncertainty. The tube induces a constraint tightening via additional backoff terms. This backoff can significantly affect the performance, and thus implicitly defines a cost of uncertainty. Optimizing the feedback law used to predict the tube can significantly reduce the backoffs, but its online computation is challenging.
Riccati-ZORO jointly optimizes the nominal trajectory and uncertainty tube based on a heuristic uncertainty cost design. The algorithm alternates between two subproblems: (i) a nominal OCP with fixed backoffs, (ii) an unconstrained tube OCP, which optimizes the feedback gains for a fixed nominal trajectory. For the tube optimization, we propose a cost function informed by the proximity of the nominal trajectory to constraints, prioritizing reduction of the corresponding backoffs. These ideas are developed in detail for ellipsoidal tubes under linear state feedback. In this case, the decomposition into the two subproblems yields a substantial reduction of the computational complexity with respect to the state dimension from $\mathcal{O}(n_x^6)$ to $\mathcal{O}(n_x^3)$, i.e., the complexity of a nominal OCP.
We investigate the algorithm in numerical experiments, and provide two open-source implementations: a prototyping version in CasADi and a high-performance implementation integrated into the acados OCP solver.
toXiv_bot_toot

Microwave electrometry with quantum-limited resolutions in a Rydberg atom array
Yao-Wen Zhang, De-Sheng Xiang, Ren Liao, Hao-Xiang Liu, Biao Xu, Peng Zhou, Yijia Zhou, Kuan Zhang, Lin Li
https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.05413 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.05413 https://arxiv.org/html/2512.05413
arXiv:2512.05413v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Microwave (MW) field sensing is foundational to modern technology, yet its evolution, reliant on classical antennas, is constrained by fundamental physical limits on field, temporal, and spatial resolutions. Here, we demonstrate an MW electrometry that simultaneously surpasses these constraints by using individual Rydberg atoms in an optical tweezer array as coherent sensors. This approach achieves a field sensitivity within 13% of the standard quantum limit, a response time that exceeds the Chu limit by more than 11 orders of magnitude, and in-situ near-field mapping with {\lambda}/3000 spatial resolution. This work establishes Rydberg-atom arrays as a powerful platform that unites quantum-limited sensitivity, nanosecond-scale response time, and sub-micrometer resolution, opening new avenues in quantum metrology and precision electromagnetic field imaging.
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Global Solutions to Non-Convex Functional Constrained Problems with Hidden Convexity
Ilyas Fatkhullin, Niao He, Guanghui Lan, Florian Wolf
https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10626 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.10626 https://arxiv.org/html/2511.10626
arXiv:2511.10626v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Constrained non-convex optimization is fundamentally challenging, as global solutions are generally intractable and constraint qualifications may not hold. However, in many applications, including safe policy optimization in control and reinforcement learning, such problems possess hidden convexity, meaning they can be reformulated as convex programs via a nonlinear invertible transformation. Typically such transformations are implicit or unknown, making the direct link with the convex program impossible. On the other hand, (sub-)gradients with respect to the original variables are often accessible or can be easily estimated, which motivates algorithms that operate directly in the original (non-convex) problem space using standard (sub-)gradient oracles. In this work, we develop the first algorithms to provably solve such non-convex problems to global minima. First, using a modified inexact proximal point method, we establish global last-iterate convergence guarantees with $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon^{-3})$ oracle complexity in non-smooth setting. For smooth problems, we propose a new bundle-level type method based on linearly constrained quadratic subproblems, improving the oracle complexity to $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon^{-1})$. Surprisingly, despite non-convexity, our methodology does not require any constraint qualifications, can handle hidden convex equality constraints, and achieves complexities matching those for solving unconstrained hidden convex optimization.
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