Tootfinder

A Web-Based Environment for the Specification and Generation of Smart Legal Contracts
Regan Meloche, Durga Sivakumar, Amal A. Anda, Sofana Alfuhaid, Daniel Amyot, Luigi Logrippo, John Mylopoulos
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11258

A Web-Based Environment for the Specification and Generation of Smart Legal Contracts
Monitoring the compliance of contract performance against legal obligations is important in order to detect violations, ideally, as soon as they occur. Such monitoring can nowadays be achieved through the use of smart contracts, which provide protection against tampering as well as some level of automation in handling violations. However, there exists a large gap between natural language contracts and smart contract implementations. This paper introduces a Web-based environment that partly fill…

From Paradigm Shift to Audit Rift: Exploring Vulnerabilities and Audit Tips for TON Smart Contracts
Yury Yanovich, Sergey Sobolev, Yash Madhwal, Kirill Ziborov, Vladimir Gorgadze, Victoria Kovalevskay, Elizaveta Smirnova, Matvey Mishuris, Subodh Sharma
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10823

From Paradigm Shift to Audit Rift: Exploring Vulnerabilities and Audit Tips for TON Smart Contracts
The Open Network (TON) is a high-performance blockchain platform designed for scalability and efficiency, leveraging an asynchronous execution model and a multi-layered architecture. While TON's design offers significant advantages, it also introduces unique challenges for smart contract development and security. This paper introduces a comprehensive audit checklist for TON smart contracts, based on an analysis of 34 professional audit reports containing 233 real-world vulnerabilities. The chec…

Designing the Hybrid Cooperative: A Socio-Technical Architecture for Scalable, Global Coordination Using Blockchain
Henrik Axelsen, Jan Damsgaard
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13156

Designing the Hybrid Cooperative: A Socio-Technical Architecture for Scalable, Global Coordination Using Blockchain
Blockchain has been promoted as a remedy for coordination in fragmented, multi-stakeholder ecosystems, yet many projects stall at pilot stage. Using a design-science approach, we develop the Hybrid Cooperative (HC), a digitally native governance architecture that combines smart-contract coordination with a minimal, code-deferent legal interface and jurisdictional modules. This selective decentralization decentralizes rules where programmability lowers agency and verification costs, and centrali…

Bridging Solidity Evolution Gaps: An LLM-Enhanced Approach for Smart Contract Compilation Error Resolution
Likai Ye, Mengliang Li, Dehai Zhao, Jiamou Sun, Xiaoxue Ren
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.10517

Bridging Solidity Evolution Gaps: An LLM-Enhanced Approach for Smart Contract Compilation Error Resolution
Solidity, the dominant smart contract language for Ethereum, has rapidly evolved with frequent version updates to enhance security, functionality, and developer experience. However, these continual changes introduce significant challenges, particularly in compilation errors, code migration, and maintenance. Therefore, we conduct an empirical study to investigate the challenges in the Solidity version evolution and reveal that 81.68% of examined contracts encounter errors when compiled across di…

SmartCoder-R1: Towards Secure and Explainable Smart Contract Generation with Security-Aware Group Relative Policy Optimization
Lei Yu, Jingyuan Zhang, Xin Wang, Jiajia Ma, Li Yang, Fengjun Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09942

SmartCoder-R1: Towards Secure and Explainable Smart Contract Generation with Security-Aware Group Relative Policy Optimization
Smart contracts automate the management of high-value assets, where vulnerabilities can lead to catastrophic financial losses. This challenge is amplified in Large Language Models (LLMs) by two interconnected failures: they operate as unauditable "black boxes" lacking a transparent reasoning process, and consequently, generate code riddled with critical security vulnerabilities. To address both issues, we propose SmartCoder-R1 (based on Qwen2.5-Coder-7B), a novel framework for secure and explai…

Crosslisted article(s) found for cs.AI. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AI/new
[4/5]:
- SmartCoder-R1: Towards Secure and Explainable Smart Contract Generation with Security-Aware Group...
Lei Yu, Jingyuan Zhang, Xin Wang, Jiajia Ma, Li Yang, Fengjun Zhang

ExDoS: Expert-Guided Dual-Focus Cross-Modal Distillation for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection
Yifan Jia, Ye Tian, Yanbin Wang, Jianguo Sun, Haitao Xu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10252

ExDoS: Expert-Guided Dual-Focus Cross-Modal Distillation for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection
The success of smart contracts has made them a target for attacks, but their closed-source nature often forces vulnerability detection to work on bytecode, which is inherently more challenging than source-code-based analysis. While recent studies try to align source and bytecode embeddings during training to transfer knowledge, current methods rely on graph-level alignment that obscures fine-grained structural and semantic correlations between the two modalities. Moreover, the absence of precis…

I Know Who Clones Your Code: Interpretable Smart Contract Similarity Detection
Zhenguang Liu, Lixun Ma, Zhongzheng Mu, Chengkun Wei, Xiaojun Xu, Yingying Jiao, Kui Ren
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09630 …

I Know Who Clones Your Code: Interpretable Smart Contract Similarity Detection
Widespread reuse of open-source code in smart contract development boosts programming efficiency but significantly amplifies bug propagation across contracts, while dedicated methods for detecting similar smart contract functions remain very limited. Conventional abstract-syntax-tree (AST) based methods for smart contract similarity detection face challenges in handling intricate tree structures, which impedes detailed semantic comparison of code. Recent deep-learning based approaches tend to o…

Mechanism design and equilibrium analysis of smart contract mediated resource allocation
Jinho Cha, Justin Yoo, Eunchan Daniel Cha, Emily Yoo, Caedon Geoffrey, Hyoshin Song
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05504

Mechanism design and equilibrium analysis of smart contract mediated resource allocation
Decentralized coordination and digital contracting are becoming critical in complex industrial ecosystems, yet existing approaches often rely on ad hoc heuristics or purely technical blockchain implementations without a rigorous economic foundation. This study develops a mechanism design framework for smart contract-based resource allocation that explicitly embeds efficiency and fairness in decentralized coordination. We establish the existence and uniqueness of contract equilibria, extending c…

Smart Contract-Enabled Procurement under Bounded Demand Variability: A Truncated Normal Approach
Jinho Cha, Youngchul Kim, Junyeol Ryu, Sangjun Park, Jeongho Kang, Hyeyoung Hwang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07801

Smart Contract-Enabled Procurement under Bounded Demand Variability: A Truncated Normal Approach
This study develops a strategic procurement framework integrating blockchain-based smart contracts with bounded demand variability modeled through a truncated normal distribution. While existing research emphasizes the technical feasibility of smart contracts, the operational and economic implications of adoption under moderate uncertainty remain underexplored. We propose a multi-supplier model in which a centralized retailer jointly determines the optimal smart contract adoption intensity and …

Mangrove: Fast and Parallelizable State Replication for Blockchains
Anton Paramonov, Yann Vonlanthen, Quentin Kniep, Jakub Sliwinski, Roger Wattenhofer
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.06616

Mangrove: Fast and Parallelizable State Replication for Blockchains
Mangrove is a novel scaling approach to building blockchains with parallel smart contract support. Unlike in monolithic blockchains, where a single consensus mechanism determines a strict total order over all transactions, Mangrove uses separate consensus instances per smart contract, without a global order. To allow multiple instances to run in parallel while ensuring that no conflicting transactions are committed, we propose a mechanism called Parallel Optimistic Agreement. Additionally, for …

Understanding Inconsistent State Update Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts
Lantian Li, Yuyu Chen, Jingwen Wu, Yue Pan, Zhongxing Yu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06192 https://

Understanding Inconsistent State Update Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts
Smart contracts enable contract terms to be automatically executed and verified on the blockchain, and recent years have witnessed numerous applications of them in areas such as financial institutions and supply chains. The execution logic of a smart contract is closely related to the contract state, and thus the correct and safe execution of the contract depends heavily on the precise control and update of the contract state. However, the contract state update process can have issues. In parti…

EVMx: An FPGA-Based Smart Contract Processing Unit
Joel Poncha Lemayian, Hachem Bensalem, Ghyslain Gagnon, Kaiwen Zhang, Pascal Giard
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.23518 https://…

EVMx: An FPGA-Based Smart Contract Processing Unit
Ethereum blockchain uses smart contracts (SCs) to implement decentralized applications (dApps). SCs are executed by the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) running within an Ethereum client. Moreover, the EVM has been widely adopted by other blockchain platforms, including Solana, Cardano, Avalanche, Polkadot, and more. However, the EVM performance is limited by the constraints of the general-purpose computer it operates on. This work proposes offloading SC execution onto a dedicated hardware-based …

A Stream Pipeline Framework for Digital Payment Programming based on Smart Contracts
Zijia Meng, Victor Feng
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21075 https://arxiv…

A Stream Pipeline Framework for Digital Payment Programming based on Smart Contracts
Digital payments play a pivotal role in the burgeoning digital economy. Moving forward, the enhancement of digital payment systems necessitates programmability, going beyond just efficiency and convenience, to meet the evolving needs and complexities. Smart contract platforms like Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) networks and blockchains support programmable digital payments. However, the prevailing paradigm of programming payment logics involves coding smart contracts with programming lang…

ScamDetect: Towards a Robust, Agnostic Framework to Uncover Threats in Smart Contracts
Pasquale De Rosa, Pascal Felber, Valerio Schiavoni
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07094 https:…

ScamDetect: Towards a Robust, Agnostic Framework to Uncover Threats in Smart Contracts
Smart contracts have transformed decentralized finance by enabling programmable, trustless transactions. However, their widespread adoption and growing financial significance have attracted persistent and sophisticated threats, such as phishing campaigns and contract-level exploits. Traditional transaction-based threat detection methods often expose sensitive user data and interactions, raising privacy and security concerns. In response, static bytecode analysis has emerged as a proactive mitig…

Smart Contract Adoption in Derivative Markets under Bounded Risk: An Optimization Approach
Jinho Cha, Long Pham, Thi Le Hoa Vo, Jaeyoung Cho, Jaejin Lee
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07006

Smart Contract Adoption in Derivative Markets under Bounded Risk: An Optimization Approach
This study develops and analyzes an optimization model of smart contract adoption under bounded risk, linking structural theory with simulation and real-world validation. We examine how adoption intensity alpha is structurally pinned at a boundary solution, invariant to variance and heterogeneity, while profitability and service outcomes are variance-fragile, eroding under volatility and heavy-tailed demand. A sharp threshold in the fixed cost parameter A3 triggers discontinuous adoption collap…

Lyte Quorum: Off-Chain Ready Smart Contract Hosted with Choice
Hao Hao, Dahlia Malkhi, Maofan Yin, Lizan Zhou
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23448 https://arxi…

Lyte Quorum: Off-Chain Ready Smart Contract Hosted with Choice
This paper introduces Lyquor, a decentralized platform that reimagines blockchain infrastructure through a service-centric model where nodes selectively host smart contracts (called Lyquids) while preserving global composability. We present three key innovations: (1) Fate-Constrained Ordering (FCO), which decouples consensus from execution to enable selective hosting without sacrificing Layer-1 grade composability; (2) Direct Memory Architecture (DMA), which eliminates state access bottlenecks …

The Dark Side of Upgrades: Uncovering Security Risks in Smart Contract Upgrades
Dingding Wang, Jianting He, Siwei Wu, Yajin Zhou, Lei Wu, Cong Wang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02145

The Dark Side of Upgrades: Uncovering Security Risks in Smart Contract Upgrades
Smart contract upgrades are increasingly common due to their flexibility in modifying deployed contracts, such as fixing bugs or adding new functionalities. Meanwhile, upgrades compromise the immutability of contracts, introducing significant security concerns. While existing research has explored the security impacts of contract upgrades, these studies are limited in collection of upgrade behaviors and identification of insecurities. To address these limitations, we conduct a comprehensive s…

Satellite: Detecting and Analyzing Smart Contract Vulnerabilities caused by Subcontract Misuse
Zeqin Liao, Yuhong Nan, Zixu Gao, Henglong Liang, Sicheng Hao, Jiajing Wu, Zibin Zheng
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23679

Satellite: Detecting and Analyzing Smart Contract Vulnerabilities caused by Subcontract Misuse
Developers of smart contracts pervasively reuse subcontracts to improve development efficiency. Like any program language, such subcontract reuse may unexpectedly include, or introduce vulnerabilities to the end-point smart contract. Unfortunately, automatically detecting such issues poses several unique challenges. Particularly, in most cases, smart contracts are compiled as bytecode, whose class-level information (e.g., inheritance, virtual function table), and even semantics (e.g., control f…

The Impact of Sanctions on decentralised Privacy Tools: A Case Study of Tornado Cash
Raffaele Cristodaro, Benjamin Kramer, Claudio J. Tessone
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09443 ht…

The Impact of Sanctions on decentralised Privacy Tools: A Case Study of Tornado Cash
This paper investigates the impact of sanctions on Tornado Cash, a smart contract protocol designed to enhance transaction privacy. Following the U.S. Department of the Treasury's sanctions against Tornado Cash in August 2022, platform activity declined sharply. We document a significant and sustained reduction in transaction volume, user diversity, and overall protocol utilization after the sanctions were imposed. Our analysis draws on transaction data from three major blockchains: Ethereum, B…

A Microstructure Analysis of Coupling in CFMMs
Althea Sterrett, Austin Adams
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06095 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.06095

A Microstructure Analysis of Coupling in CFMMs
The programmable and composable nature of smart contract protocols has enabled the emergence of novel market structures and asset classes that are architecturally frictional to implement in traditional financial paradigms. This fluidity has produced an understudied class of market dynamics, particularly in coupled markets where one market serves as an oracle for the other. In such market structures, purchases or liquidations through the intermediate asset create coupled price action between the…

LISA Technical Report: An Agentic Framework for Smart Contract Auditing
Izaiah Sun, Daniel Tan, Andy Deng
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24698 https://arxiv.or…

LISA Technical Report: An Agentic Framework for Smart Contract Auditing
We present LISA, an agentic smart contract vulnerability detection framework that combines rule-based and logic-based methods to address a broad spectrum of vulnerabilities in smart contracts. LISA leverages data from historical audit reports to learn the detection experience (without model fine-tuning), enabling it to generalize learned patterns to unseen projects and evolving threat profiles. In our evaluation, LISA significantly outperforms both LLM-based approaches and traditional static an…

Smart Contract Intent Detection with Pre-trained Programming Language Model
Youwei Huang, Jianwen Li, Sen Fang, Yao Li, Peng Yang, Bin Hu, Tao Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.20086

Smart Contract Intent Detection with Pre-trained Programming Language Model
Malicious intent in smart contract development can lead to substantial economic losses. SmartIntentNN is a deep learning model specifically designed to identify unsafe intents in smart contracts. This model integrates the Universal Sentence Encoder, a K-means clustering-based intent highlighting mechanism, and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network for multi-label classification, achieving an F1 of 0.8633 in distinguishing ten different intent categories. In this study, we present an up…

SolContractEval: A Benchmark for Evaluating Contract-Level Solidity Code Generation
Zhifan Ye, Jiachi Chen, Zhenzhe Shao, Lingfeng Bao, Xiaohu Yang, Zhongxin Liu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23824

SolContractEval: A Benchmark for Evaluating Contract-Level Solidity Code Generation
The rise of blockchain has brought smart contracts into mainstream use, creating a demand for smart contract generation tools. While large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code in general-purpose languages, their effectiveness on Solidity, the primary language for smart contracts, remains underexplored. Solidity constitutes only a small portion of typical LLM training data and differs from general-purpose languages in its version-sensitive syntax and limited flexibility. These factors…

SAEL: Leveraging Large Language Models with Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection
Lei Yu, Shiqi Cheng, Zhirong Huang, Jingyuan Zhang, Chenjie Shen, Junyi Lu, Li Yang, Fengjun Zhang, Jiajia Ma
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.22371

SAEL: Leveraging Large Language Models with Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection
With the increasing security issues in blockchain, smart contract vulnerability detection has become a research focus. Existing vulnerability detection methods have their limitations: 1) Static analysis methods struggle with complex scenarios. 2) Methods based on specialized pre-trained models perform well on specific datasets but have limited generalization capabilities. In contrast, general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive ability in adapting to new vulnerability pa…

Program Analysis for High-Value Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Techniques and Insights
Yannis Smaragdakis, Neville Grech, Sifis Lagouvardos, Konstantinos Triantafyllou, Ilias Tsatiris, Yannis Bollanos, Tony Rocco Valentine
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20672

Program Analysis for High-Value Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Techniques and Insights
A widespread belief in the blockchain security community is that automated techniques are only good for detecting shallow bugs, typically of small value. In this paper, we present the techniques and insights that have led us to repeatable success in automatically discovering high-value smart contract vulnerabilities. Our vulnerability disclosures have yielded 10 bug bounties, for a total of over $3M, over high-profile deployed code, as well as hundreds of bugs detected in pre-deployment or unde…

Crosslisted article(s) found for q-fin.GN. https://arxiv.org/list/q-fin.GN/new
[1/1]:
- Mechanism design and equilibrium analysis of smart contract mediated resource allocation
Jinho Cha, Justin Yoo, Eunchan Daniel Cha, Emily Yoo, Caedon Geoffrey, Hyoshin Song

SoK: Root Cause of \$1 Billion Loss in Smart Contract Real-World Attacks via a Systematic Literature Review of Vulnerabilities
Hadis Rezaei, Mojtaba Eshghie, Karl Anderesson, Francesco Palmieri
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20175

SoK: Root Cause of \$1 Billion Loss in Smart Contract Real-World Attacks via a Systematic Literature Review of Vulnerabilities
The Ethereum ecosystem, despite its maturity, continues to witness catastrophic attacks, with billions of dollars in assets lost annually. In response, a significant body of research has focused on identifying and mitigating smart contract vulnerabilities. However, these efforts predominantly focus on implementation-level bugs, leaving a critical gap between academic understanding of vulnerabilities and the root causes of real-world high-impact financial losses. We employ a two-pronged methodol…

On LLM-Assisted Generation of Smart Contracts from Business Processes
Fabian Stiehle, Hans Weytjens, Ingo Weber
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.23087 https://ar…

On LLM-Assisted Generation of Smart Contracts from Business Processes
Large language models (LLMs) have changed the reality of how software is produced. Within the wider software engineering community, among many other purposes, they are explored for code generation use cases from different types of input. In this work, we present an exploratory study to investigate the use of LLMs for generating smart contract code from business process descriptions, an idea that has emerged in recent literature to overcome the limitations of traditional rule-based code generati…

BugMagnifier: TON Transaction Simulator for Revealing Smart Contract Vulnerabilities
Yury Yanovich, Victoria Kovalevskaya, Maksim Egorov, Elizaveta Smirnova, Matvey Mishuris, Yash Madhwal, Kirill Ziborov, Vladimir Gorgadze, Subodh Sharma
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24444

BugMagnifier: TON Transaction Simulator for Revealing Smart Contract Vulnerabilities
The Open Network (TON) blockchain employs an asynchronous execution model that introduces unique security challenges for smart contracts, particularly race conditions arising from unpredictable message processing order. While previous work established vulnerability patterns through static analysis of audit reports, dynamic detection of temporal dependencies through systematic testing remains an open problem. We present BugMagnifier, a transaction simulation framework that systematically reveals…

Replaced article(s) found for cs.DC. https://arxiv.org/list/cs.DC/new
[1/1]:
- Atomic Smart Contract Interoperability with High Efficiency via Cross-Chain Integrated Execution
Chaoyue Yin, Mingzhe Li, Jin Zhang, You Lin, Qingsong Wei, Siow Mong Rick Goh

CASPER: Contrastive Approach for Smart Ponzi Scheme Detecter with More Negative Samples
Weijia Yang, Tian Lan, Leyuan Liu, Wei Chen, Tianqing Zhu, Sheng Wen, Xiaosong Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16840

CASPER: Contrastive Approach for Smart Ponzi Scheme Detecter with More Negative Samples
The rapid evolution of digital currency trading, fueled by the integration of blockchain technology, has led to both innovation and the emergence of smart Ponzi schemes. A smart Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation in smart contract that uses funds from new investors to pay returns to earlier investors. Traditional Ponzi scheme detection methods based on deep learning typically rely on fully supervised models, which require large amounts of labeled data. However, such data is often…

From Contracts to Code: Automating Smart Contract Generation with Multi-Level Finite State Machines
Lambard Maxence, Bertelle Cyrille, Duvallet Claude
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.16276

From Contracts to Code: Automating Smart Contract Generation with Multi-Level Finite State Machines
In an increasingly complex contractual landscape, the demand for transparency, security, and efficiency has intensified. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized and immutable nature, addresses these challenges by reducing intermediary costs, minimizing fraud risks, and enhancing system compatibility. Smart contracts, initially conceptualized by Nick Szabo and later implemented on the Ethereum blockchain, automate and secure contractual clauses, offering a robust solution for various indus…

A Time-Bound Signature Scheme for Blockchains
Benjamin Marsh, Paolo Serafino
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03697 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.03697

A Time-Bound Signature Scheme for Blockchains
We introduce a modified Schnorr signature scheme to allow for time-bound signatures for transaction fee auction bidding and smart contract purposes in a blockchain context, ensuring an honest producer can only validate a signature before a given block height. The immutable blockchain is used as a source of universal time for the signature scheme. We show the use of such a signature scheme leads to lower MEV revenue for builders. We then apply our time-bound signatures to Ethereum's EIP-1559 and…

Bribers, Bribers on The Chain, Is Resisting All in Vain? Trustless Consensus Manipulation Through Bribing Contracts
Bence So\'oki-T\'oth, Istv\'an Andr\'as Seres, Kamilla Kara, \'Abel Nagy, Bal\'azs Pej\'o, Gergely Bicz\'ok
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17185

Bribers, Bribers on The Chain, Is Resisting All in Vain? Trustless Consensus Manipulation Through Bribing Contracts
The long-term success of cryptocurrencies largely depends on the incentive compatibility provided to the validators. Bribery attacks, facilitated trustlessly via smart contracts, threaten this foundation. This work introduces, implements, and evaluates three novel and efficient bribery contracts targeting Ethereum validators. The first bribery contract enables a briber to fork the blockchain by buying votes on their proposed blocks. The second contract incentivizes validators to voluntarily exi…

Generic Adversarial Smart Contract Detection with Semantics and Uncertainty-Aware LLM
Yating Liu, Xing Su, Hao Wu, Sijin Li, Yuxi Cheng, Fengyuan Xu, Sheng Zhong
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18934