Tootfinder

Habitat protections at risk in proposed Endangered Species Act changes
https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/5337058-endangered-species-act-habitat-protections/

"New law to tackle 'nature emergency' in Wales - where 'one in six species at risk of extinction'"
#UK #UnitedKingdom #Wales

New law to tackle 'nature emergency' in Wales - where 'one in six species at risk of extinction'

🦠 Microbiologists discover new species of methane-producing archaea in the human gut
https://phys.org/news/2025-04-microbiologists-species-methane-archaea-human.html

Microbiologists discover new species of methane-producing archaea in the human gut
An international team of microbiologists from the Medical University of Graz, the DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Braunschweig, Germany)—and the University of Illinois (U.S.) has identified and described a previously unknown species of methane-producing archaea in the human gut: Methanobrevibacter intestini sp. nov. (strain WWM1085).

Please, tell me again how anarchism is chaos.
If this whole sorry episode of human history shows us one thing, it’s not that “we don’t need leaders” but that the very concept of “leaders” is incompatible with the future of our species. Advanced civilisation cannot survive under these primitive hierarchies that concentrate inordinate amounts of power in the hands of a relative handful of individuals. Look at the sorry state of these danger clowns.
Either we find ways to devolve po…

Robert Reich (@rbreich@masto.ai)
Attached: 1 image Musk vs. Trump https://robertreich.substack.com/p/sunday-thought-ab9?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=mastodon

I wonder how many people understand that good organic farming practices do not contribute to this problem?
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jun/03/climate-species-collapse-ecology-insects-nature-reserves-…

I wonder how many people understand that good organic farming practices do not contribute to this problem?
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jun/03/climate-species-collapse-ecology-insects-nature-reserves-…

First Introduced To Australia In 1788, This Invasive Species Now Kills Over A Million Birds A Day
https://www.forbes.com/sites/scotttravers/2025/04/26/first-introduced-to-austral…

First Introduced To Australia In 1788, This Invasive Species Now Kills Over A Million Birds A Day
From island extinctions to nationwide losses, feral and domestic cats have been reshaping Australia's biodiversity for decades at a staggering cost.

Exoplaneteers Keep Overestimating Sigma Significances
David Kipping, Bj\"orn Benneke
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.05392 https://ar…

Exoplaneteers Keep Overestimating Sigma Significances
Astronomers, and in particular exoplaneteers, have a curious habit of expressing Bayes factors as frequentist sigma values. This is of course completely unnecessary and arguably rather ill-advised. Regardless, the practice is common - especially in the detection claims of chemical species within exoplanet atmospheres. The current canonical conversion strategy stems from a statistics paper from Sellke et al. (2001), who derived an upper bound on the Bayes factor between the test and null hypothe…

Rheology of bidisperse suspensions at the colloidal-to-granular transition
Xuan Li, John R. Royer, Christopher Ness
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.05571 https:…

Rheology of bidisperse suspensions at the colloidal-to-granular transition
We use particle-based simulation to study the rheology of dense suspensions comprising mixtures of small colloids and larger grains, which exhibit shear thinning at low shear rates and shear thickening at high shear rates. By systematically varying the volume fraction of the two species, we demonstrate a monotonic increase in viscosity when grains are added to colloids, but, conversely, a nonmonotonic response in both the viscosity and shear thickening onset when colloids are added to grains. B…

Puzzling radial gradients of K-band absorption features in the giant elliptical galaxy M87
F. La Barbera, A. Vazdekis, A. Pasquali, J. Heidt, E. Eftekhari, M. A. Beasley, A. Gargiulo, S. Bisogni, C. Spiniello, L. P. Cassar\`a, M. Sarzi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.05986

Puzzling radial gradients of K-band absorption features in the giant elliptical galaxy M87
We present new K-band spectroscopy for the giant elliptical galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster, taken with the LUCI spectrograph at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). The new data are used to study line-strengths of K-band absorption features from different chemical species, namely Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, and CO, as a function of galactocentric distance, out to 40arcsec from the center (about half of the galaxy effective radius). The radial trends of spectral indices are compared to those for the bulge …

'Half the tree of life': ecologists' horror as nature reserves are emptied of insects (Tess McClure/The Guardian)
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jun/03/climate-species-collapse-ecology-insects-nature-reserves-aoe
http://www.memeorandum.com/250603/p106#a250603p106

"Les alouettes et d'autres espèces d'oiseaux prospèrent dans les parcs solaires allemands, où le succès de la reproduction dépasse celui de nombreux autres habitats. Ces sites de projets photovoltaïques sont en train de devenir de précieux refuges, profitant Š la fois Š la faune sauvage et Š l'environnement environnant."
#solaire

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24380 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_csCV_…

SASP: Strip-Aware Spatial Perception for Fine-Grained Bird Image Classification
Fine-grained bird image classification (FBIC) is not only of great significance for ecological monitoring and species identification, but also holds broad research value in the fields of image recognition and fine-grained visual modeling. Compared with general image classification tasks, FBIC poses more formidable challenges: 1) the differences in species size and imaging distance result in the varying sizes of birds presented in the images; 2) complex natural habitats often introduce strong ba…

tree-of-life: Protein interactomes across the tree of life (2019)
Protein-protein iteraction networks ("interactome") for 1,840 species. An interactome captures all physical protein-protein interactions within one species, from direct biophysical protein-protein interactions to regulatory protein-DNA and metabolic interactions. .
This network has 562 nodes and 994 edges.
Tags: Biological, Protein interactions

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.01494 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_mat…

Equilibrium of Charges and Differential Equations Solved by Polynomials II
We continue study of equilibrium of two species of 2d coulomb charges (or point vortices in 2d ideal fluid) started in (Igor Loutsenko, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37, 1309, 2004). Although for two species of vortices with circulation ratio -1 the relationship between the equilibria and the factorization/Darboux transformation of the Schrodinger operator was established a long ago, the question about similar relationship for the ratio -2 remained unanswered. Here we present the answer: One has to co…

"A new report lists the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Most people have never heard of them."
#Animals #Conservation

A new report lists the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Most people have never heard of them.
Founder’s Briefs: An occasional series where Mongabay founder Rhett Ayers Butler shares analysis, perspectives and story summaries. A new report, “Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates,” catalogs the species closest to the brink. Compiled by more than 100 scientists and conservationists, it’s a stark warning: without urgent action, some of our closest […]

Not racist or xenophobic. Samples of a #Fusarium species not native to the hemisphere. It *could* absolutely be a non-malicious stupid grad student trick, but it was a dangerous one with incalculable risk.
Crop pathogens make history.

Scott MacFarlane
ALERT: Detention hearing scheduled for 1pm tomorrow for University of Michigan researcher Yunqing Jian, who is accused of conspiracy to smuggle potential "agroterrorism weapon" into the US Jian's co-defendant, a Chinese national, in NOT in custody

The iNaturalist Sounds Dataset
Mustafa Chasmai, Alexander Shepard, Subhransu Maji, Grant Van Horn
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.00343 https://

The iNaturalist Sounds Dataset
We present the iNaturalist Sounds Dataset (iNatSounds), a collection of 230,000 audio files capturing sounds from over 5,500 species, contributed by more than 27,000 recordists worldwide. The dataset encompasses sounds from birds, mammals, insects, reptiles, and amphibians, with audio and species labels derived from observations submitted to iNaturalist, a global citizen science platform. Each recording in the dataset varies in length and includes a single species annotation. We benchmark multi…

Palaeontologists find #collagen #biomarker to identify ancient #Australian #megafauna, notable because it’s more durable…

Paleontologists Find New Biomarkers to Identify Megafauna Species in Australia’s Fossil Record | Sci.News
Paleontologists have identified peptide markers for three species of extinct Australian megafauna -- a hippo-sized wombat, a giant kangaroo, and a marsupial with enormous claws -- opening the way for research which could help us understand how a series of unexplained extinctions of megafauna 50,000 years ago happened, and if humans were responsible.

A new report lists the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Most people have never heard of them. https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/06/a-new-report-lists-the-worlds-25-most-endangered-primate…

A new report lists the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Most people have never heard of them.
Founder’s Briefs: An occasional series where Mongabay founder Rhett Ayers Butler shares analysis, perspectives and story summaries. A new report, “Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates,” catalogs the species closest to the brink. Compiled by more than 100 scientists and conservationists, it’s a stark warning: without urgent action, some of our closest […]

All the different species in the #StarTrek universe have different requirements for (bodily) comfort. An aspect only sometimes mentioned in the different series and movies. But we will look at this aspect for today's #TrekTriviaTuesday question.
As always no googling and no spoiling t…

🪁 Non-native trees gain ground in eastern US, reducing native species diversity
(... blame Ben Franklin!)
https://phys.org/news/2025-04-native-trees-gain-ground-eastern.html

Non-native trees gain ground in eastern US, reducing native species diversity
In the largest study of its kind, researchers at the Florida Museum of Natural History have used data from a 120-year-old program managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to quantify the effects of introduced species.

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.08943 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

Cosmology of Single Species Hidden Dark Matter
Cosmology and astrophysics provide various ways to study the properties of dark matter even if they have negligible non-gravitational interactions with the Standard Model particles and remain hidden. We study a type of hidden dark matter model in which the dark matter is completely decoupled from the Standard Model sector except gravitationally, and consists of a single species with conserved comoving particle number and conserved comoving entropy. This category of hidden dark matter includes m…

#NewPaper out: Anne Reichmuth , Kühn I, Schmidt A, Doktor D (2025) Forested Natura 2000 sites under climate change: effects of tree species distribution shifts. Web Ecology 25: 59–89.
We have modelled and analysed the effect of possible tree species distribution shift in Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), and two oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur), considered jointly on forested Natura 2000 sites, an EU-wide conservation area network. The modelling procedure was performed using 3 to 4 bio-climatic variables derived from 26 variables of the EURO-CORDEX Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate simulations for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 until 2098. Our results reveal a severe decline in Picea within Natura 2000 sites in central Europe and lower elevations and confirm a strong shift towards higher elevations and latitudes. This amounts to an 18 % absolute mean change (−18 % mean loss, 15 % mean gain). Quercus sp. reveal similar results, with 23 % absolute mean change (−23 % loss, 24 % gain) at Natura 2000 sites, whereas Fagus remains stable throughout the model results with 8 % absolute mean change (−7 % loss, 9 % gain). As ecosystems of any type are highly dynamic, climate change can lead to additional severe pressure on statically defined conservation goals and associated management activities.
#biodiversity #ecology #ClimateChange #conservation

tree-of-life: Protein interactomes across the tree of life (2019)
Protein-protein iteraction networks ("interactome") for 1,840 species. An interactome captures all physical protein-protein interactions within one species, from direct biophysical protein-protein interactions to regulatory protein-DNA and metabolic interactions. .
This network has 562 nodes and 994 edges.
Tags: Biological, Protein interactions

Researchers say the impact of feral cats on native species is greater than previously thought.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-04-22/feral-cats-killing-more-native-species-than-estimated/105197140

DNA study shows feral cats killing more reintroduced native species than estimated
Research tracking released bilbies and bettongs in remote SA has found feral cats are their biggest killer.  

Unsupervised Evolutionary Cell Type Matching via Entropy-Minimized Optimal Transport
Mu Qiao
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24759 https://

Unsupervised Evolutionary Cell Type Matching via Entropy-Minimized Optimal Transport
Identifying evolutionary correspondences between cell types across species is a fundamental challenge in comparative genomics and evolutionary biology. Existing approaches often rely on either reference-based matching, which imposes asymmetry by designating one species as the reference, or projection-based matching, which may increase computational complexity and obscure biological interpretability at the cell-type level. Here, we present OT-MESH, an unsupervised computational framework leverag…

Searching for helium escape and a low density atmosphere around the 120 Myr old sub-Neptune HIP94235b using CRIRES
Ava Morrissey, George Zhou, Chelsea X. Huang, Duncan Wright, Neale Gibson, Keighley E. Rockcliffe, Elisabeth R. Newton, James Kirk, Daniel Bayliss
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04605

Searching for helium escape and a low density atmosphere around the 120 Myr old sub-Neptune HIP94235b using CRIRES+
Atmospheric mass loss is thought to induce the bimodality in the small planet population as we observe it today. Observationally, active mass loss can be traced by excess absorption in spectral lines of lighter species, such as the hydrogen Ly-alpha line and the metastable helium triplet. We search for helium escape from the young (120Myr old) sub-Neptune HIP94235b. We obtained two transit observations of HIP94235b using the CRyogenic InfraRed Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES+) on the Very Large Te…

A Simple Iterative Approach for Constant Chemical Potential Simulations at Interfaces
Ademola Soyemi, Khagendra Baral, Tibor Szilvasi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01050

A Simple Iterative Approach for Constant Chemical Potential Simulations at Interfaces
Chemical potential of species in solution is essential for understanding various chemical processes at interfaces. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, constrained by fixed compositions, cannot satisfy a constant chemical potential condition as solute species can migrate to the interface and deplete the bulk due to solute-interface interactions. In this study, we introduce a simple and computationally efficient approach named iterative constant chemical potential molecular dynamics (iCuMD) simu…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.02664 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arX…

Noninvertible Gauge Symmetry in (2+1)d Topological Orders: A String-Net Model Realization
We develop a systematic framework for understanding symmetries in topological phases in 2+1 dimensions using the string-net model, encompassing both gauge symmetries that preserve anyon species and global symmetries permuting anyon species, including both invertible symmetries describable by groups and noninvertible symmetries described by categories. As an archetypal example, we reveal the first noninvertible categorical gauge symmetry of topological orders in 2+1 dimensions: the Fibonacci gau…

Adult human being with a Winnie the Pooh T-shirt. We are not the same species.

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.04160 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_mat…

Lotka-Volterra-type kinetic equations for interacting species
In this work, we examine a kinetic framework for modeling the time evolution of size distribution densities of two populations governed by predator-prey interactions. The model builds upon the classical Boltzmann-type equations, where the dynamics arise from elementary binary interactions between the populations. The model uniquely incorporates a linear redistribution operator to quantify the birth rates in both populations, inspired by wealth redistribution operators. We prove that, under a su…

Design of an Active Thomson Parabola for the detection of ions accelerated by laser: Numerical simulations and characterization of different solutions
A. Huber, D. Raffestin, F. Hannachi, M. Huault, J. Jouve, A. Maitrallain, P. Nicola\"i, B. Zielbauer, M. Tarisien
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.05220

Design of an Active Thomson Parabola for the detection of ions accelerated by laser: Numerical simulations and characterization of different solutions
This article describes the development of an active Thomson Parabola ion spectrometer designed to measure the energy spectra of different multi-MeV ion species generated in laser-plasmas interactions. To do so, GEANT4 optical simulations were carried out in order to design and build a spectrometer based on scintillator detectors capable of operating at rates comparable with the highest achievable at any existing or upcoming high intensity laser facilities. Details on the different configuration…

AI isn’t an existential threat to humanity, capitalism and corporations are.
You see, we created capitalism, a religion modeled on cancer, and the corporation, a new, artificial species; a parasite that co-opts human beings to do its bidding; an organism that’s psychopathic by design and grows by extracting from and exploiting us and our habitat.
And we now find ourselves ruled by this religion and driven to ruin by these parasites as they drain our humanity, destroy our habitat,…

Half-life determination of heavy ions in a storage ring considering feeding and depleting background processes
R. J. Chen, G. Leckenby, R. S. Sidhu, J. Glorius, M. S. Sanjari, Yu. A. Litvinov, F. C. Akinci, M. Bai, K. Blaum, F. Bosch, C. Brandau, T. Dickel, I. Dillmann, D. Dmytriiev, T. Faestermann, O. Forstner, B. Franczak, B. S. Gao, H. Geissel, R. Gernh\"auser, C. Griffin, A. Gumberidze, E. Haettner, R. He{\ss}, P. -M. Hillenbrand, P. Kienle, W. Korten, Ch. Kozhuharov, N. Kuzmi…

Half-life determination of heavy ions in a storage ring considering feeding and depleting background processes
Heavy-ion storage rings have relatively large momentum acceptance which allows for multiple ion species to circulate at the same time. This needs to be considered in radioactive decay measurements of highly charged ions, where atomic charge exchange reactions can significantly alter the intensities of parent and daughter ions. In this study, we investigate this effect using the decay curves of ion numbers in the recent $^{205}$Tl$^{81+}$ bound-state beta decay experiment conducted using the Exp…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.15358 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@…

Quantum correlations and spatial localization in trapped one-dimensional ultra-cold Bose-Bose-Bose mixtures
We systematically investigate and illustrate the complete ground-state phase diagram for a one-dimensional, three-species mixture of a few repulsively interacting bosons trapped harmonically. To numerically obtain the solutions to the many-body Schrödinger equation, we employ the improved Exact Diagonalization method [T. D. Anh-Tai {\it et al.}, SciPost Physics 15, 048 (2023)], which is capable of treating strongly-correlated few-body systems from first principles in an efficiently truncated H…

"Critically endangered chameleon discovered outside its known habitat in Madagascar"
#Madagascar #Animals

Critically endangered chameleon discovered outside its known habitat in Madagascar
ANTANANARIVO — At the end of April, a team of researchers scouring a scarred area of spiny forest in southwestern Madagascar came across three individuals of a critically endangered chameleon species. Furcifer belalandaensis had not previously been recorded outside of a tiny, 4-square-kilometer (1.5-square-mile) area near the village of Belalanda after which it’s named, so […]

Ontario NDP, Liberals successfully stall Bill 5 after filibustering until midnight Thursday | CBC News
Bill 5 would create so-called "special economic zones" where the government can exempt companies or projects from complying with provincial laws or regulations. It would also replace the province's endangered species act, replacing it with an new law that critics say waters down protections.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-ndp-liberals-stall-bill-5-after-filibuster-1.7546691

The Boundary Reproduction Number for Determining Boundary Steady State Stability in Chemical Reaction Systems
Matthew D. Johnston, Florin Avram
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01606

The Boundary Reproduction Number for Determining Boundary Steady State Stability in Chemical Reaction Systems
We introduce the boundary reproduction number, adapted from the next generation matrix method, to assess whether an infusion of species will persist or become exhausted in a chemical reaction system. Our main contributions are as follows: (a) we show how the concept of a siphon, prevalent in Petri nets and chemical reaction network theory, identifies sets of species that may become depleted at steady state, analogous to a disease-free boundary steady state; (b) we develop an approach for incorp…

Mechanistic models for panel data: Analysis of ecological experiments with four interacting species
Bo Yang, Jesse Wheeler, Meghan A. Duffy, Aaron A. King, Edward L. Ionides
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04508

Mechanistic models for panel data: Analysis of ecological experiments with four interacting species
In an ecological context, panel data arise when time series measurements are made on a collection of ecological processes. Each process may correspond to a spatial location for field data, or to an experimental ecosystem in a designed experiment. Statistical models for ecological panel data should capture the high levels of nonlinearity, stochasticity, and measurement uncertainty inherent in ecological systems. Furthermore, the system dynamics may depend on unobservable variables. This study ap…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.02409 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXi…

Universal limiting behaviour of reaction-diffusion systems with conservation laws
Making sense of complex inhomogeneous systems composed of many interacting species is a grand challenge that pervades basically all natural sciences. Phase separation and pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems have been largely studied as two separate paradigms. Here we show that in reaction-diffusion systems composed of many species, the presence of a conservation law constrains the evolution of the conserved quantity to be governed by a Cahn-Hilliard-like equation. This establishes a…

Concentration profiles of OH and H$_2$O$_2$ in plasma-treated water: influence of power, gas mixture and treatment distance
Anna Lena Sch\"one, Steffen Sch\"uttler, Talisha Mro{\ss}, Niklas Eichstaedt, Judith Golda, Lars Sch\"ucke, Andrew R. Gibson
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.03886

Concentration profiles of OH and H$_2$O$_2$ in plasma-treated water: influence of power, gas mixture and treatment distance
Plasma liquid interactions are important for a range of applications. For these, H$_2$O$_2$ and OH represent two key reactive species, whose concentrations in liquids need to be controlled for effective application outcomes. Here, a combination of gas and liquid simulations is used to study the concentration profiles of H$_2$O$_2$ and OH in water treated by a radio-frequency-driven plasma jet, with a glass capillary between the electrodes, operated in He with admixtures of water vapour. Simulat…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.17457 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@a…

Optical Properties and Spin States of Inter-layer Carbon Defect Pairs in Hexagonal Boron Nitride: A First-Principles Study
Substitutional carbon defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are prominent single photon emitters (SPEs), and their potential for spin activity ($S\geq1$) is particularly intriguing. While studies have largely focused on intra-layer defects, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to investigate inter-layer dimers of identical carbon species (C$_X$C$_X$). We demonstrate that these C$_X$C$_X$ pairs can exhibit a stable triplet spin state at room temperature when closely spaced (e.g., within …

3D Holographic Flow Cytometry Measurements of Microalgae: Strategies for Angle Recovery in Complex Rotation Patterns
Francesca Borrelli, Giusy Giugliano, Emilie Houliez, Jaromir Behal, Daniele Pirone, Leonilde Roselli, Angela Sardo, Valerio Zupo, Maria Costantini, Lisa Miccio, Pasquale Memmolo, Vittorio Bianco, Pietro Ferraro
https://

3D Holographic Flow Cytometry Measurements of Microalgae: Strategies for Angle Recovery in Complex Rotation Patterns
Marine ecosystems are in the spotlight, because environmental changes are threatening biodiversity and ecological functions. In this context, microalgae play key ecological roles both in planktonic and benthic ecosystems. Consequently, they are considered indispensable targets for global monitoring programs. However, due to a high spatial and temporal variability and to difficulties of species identification (still relying on microscopy observations), the assessment of roles played by these com…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14652 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arX…

Two-dimensional many-body localized systems coupled to a heat bath
We numerically investigate the effect of coupling a two-dimensional many-body localized system to a finite heat bath, using shallow quantum circuits as a variational ansatz. Specifically, we simulate optical lattice experiments with two components of ultracold bosons, where only one species is subject to a random disorder potential and the other acts as a heat bath. We obtain a filling fraction dependent phase diagram with a critical filling consistent with experiments. We also calculate two-po…

Cephalopods, vision's next frontier https://www.thetransmitter.org/vision/cephalopods-visions-next-frontier/ "visual systems work best when information is organized spatially"; now looking for a species that does vision that is organized…

Cephalopods, vision’s next frontier
For decades, scientists have been teased by the strange but inaccessible cephalopod visual system. Now, thanks to a technological breakthrough from a lab in Oregon, data are finally coming straight from the octopus brain.

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.05775 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arX…

Mapping compact memory-biased dynamics reveals overlapping communities
Researchers use networks to model relational data from complex systems and apply tools from network science to reveal their organisation and function. Many real-world systems, from social networks to protein-protein interactions and species distributions, exhibit overlapping flow-based communities that reflect their functional organisation. However, identifying such overlapping flow-based communities typically requires higher-order relational data, which is often unavailable. To address this ch…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03431 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_mat…

Compactifications of phylogenetic systems and species of electrical networks
We describe new spaces and maps. Our graphical map is a visual and numerical correspondence between spaces of circular electrical networks and circular planar split systems. When restricted to the planar circular electrical case, this graphical map finds the split system uniquely associated with the Kalmanson resistance distance of the dual network, matching the induced split system familiar from phylogenetics. This correspondence is extended to compactifications of the respective spaces, takin…

Stop Elephant Abuse at Two Tails Ranch in Florida #AnimalRights

End Elephant Abuse in Florida — Species Unite

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21185 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_csPF_…

Constructive community race: full-density spiking neural network model drives neuromorphic computing
The local circuitry of the mammalian brain is a focus of the search for generic computational principles because it is largely conserved across species and modalities. In 2014 a model was proposed representing all neurons and synapses of the stereotypical cortical microcircuit below $1\,\text{mm}^2$ of brain surface. The model reproduces fundamental features of brain activity but its impact remained limited because of its computational demands. For theory and simulation, however, the model was …

Now for some theology. Since Eve was created by God from Adam's rib, she/he/they had a Y chromosome, therefore she/he/they was biologically male -- not just the first woman but also the fist trans. Her/his/their three children with Adam must have been created by cloning and thus were all male. Were it not for daughters born from Adam's affair with Lilith, the human species would have ended there, since when the couple left Eden they lost access to free health care including furthe…

The 'Brazil-nut effect' in bidisperse particle laden flow on an incline
Jack Luong, Sarah Cassie Burnett, Andrea L. Bertozzi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24114

The 'Brazil-nut effect' in bidisperse particle laden flow on an incline
We study bidisperse suspensions -- suspensions where there are two particle species of the same density but different sizes -- of a viscous fluid on an incline. We use a lubrication theory/thin film model to form a hyperbolic system of three conservation laws for the height and particle volume fractions. The model predicts, over a range of parameters, that the larger particles rise to the top of the layer, consistent with the well-known `Brazil-nut effect' for granular media. The model predicts…

PDRs4All XIV: CH radical and $H_3^ $ molecular ion in the irradiated protoplanetary disk d203-506
I. Schroetter, O. Bern\'e, J. R. Goicoechea, J. H. Black, O. Roncero, F. Alarcon, P. Amiot, O. Asvany, C. Boersma, S. Br\"unken, J. Cami, L. Coudert, E. Dartois, A. Fuente, B. Gans, A. Gusdorf, U. Jacovella, M. A. Martin Drumel, T. Onaka, E. Peeters, E. Roueff, A. G. G. M. Tielens, M. Zannese

PDRs4All XIV: CH radical and $H_3^+$ molecular ion in the irradiated protoplanetary disk d203-506
Most protoplanetary disks experience a phase in which they are subjected to strong ultraviolet radiation from nearby massive stars. This UV radiation can substantially alter their chemistry by producing numerous radicals and molecular ions. In this Letter we present detailed analysis of the JWST-NIRSpec spectrum of the d203-506 obtained as part of the PDRs4All Early Release Science program. Using state-of-the-art spectroscopic data, we searched for species using a multi-molecule fitting tool, P…

Motility-dependent selective transport of active matter in trap arrays: Separation methods based on trapping-detrapping and deterministic lateral displacement
Vyacheslav R. Misko, Franco Nori, Wim De Malsche
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23882

Motility-dependent selective transport of active matter in trap arrays: Separation methods based on trapping-detrapping and deterministic lateral displacement
Selecting active matter based on its motility represents a challenging task, as it requires different approaches than common separation techniques intended for separation based on, e.g., size, shape, density, and flexibility. This motility-based selection is important for, e.g., selecting biological species, such as bacteria or highly motile sperm cells for medically assisted reproduction. Common separation techniques are not applicable for separating species based on motility as such species c…

"Young Rwandans support bird conservation through mobile app recordings"
#Rwanda #Animals #Birds

Young Rwandans support bird conservation through mobile app recordings
A young tour guide and his group of student mentees are helping monitor bird species in Rwanda with the help of a mobile app, Mongabay contributor Mariam Kone reported. Joseph Desiré Dufitumukiza, who enjoys bird-watching, felt moved to take action after he read about the decline of native bird species in Rwanda, including the Maccoa […]

@… Modern ants are one of the most dominant animal groups on Earth, with over 17,000 ant species found throughout every continent except Antarctica. Scientists think ants diverged from the evolutionary lineage that wasps originated from, then took on a more ant-like form during the Cretaceous period with a smaller thorax and a specialized secreting gland unique to ants.
(from Paywalled Nat Geo Article)

🎣 New study maps the fishmeal factories that supply the world’s fish farms
https://news.mongabay.com/2025/05/new-study-maps-the-fishmeal-factories-that-supply-the-worlds-fish-farms/

New study maps the fishmeal factories that supply the world’s fish farms
Fish farms boomed globally in recent decades — more than half the world’s seafood now comes from aquaculture — but it’s not a boom all environmentalists support. One argument that critics of industrial aquaculture make is that the fishmeal and fish oil used to make the feed for popular carnivorous species like salmon is not sustainably […]

mist: MIST protein interaction database (2020)
The Molecular Interaction Search Tool (MIST) is a comprehensive resource of molecular interactions, assembled from severla primary sources. MIST currently supports several species, including:.
This network has 7946 nodes and 250780 edges.
Tags: Biological, Protein interactions, Unweighted

Spinless and spinful charge excitations in moir\'e Fractional Chern Insulators
Miguel Gon\c{c}alves, Juan Felipe Mendez-Valderrama, Jonah Herzog-Arbeitman, Jiabin Yu, Xiaodong Xu, Di Xiao, B. Andrei Bernevig, Nicolas Regnault
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.05330

Spinless and spinful charge excitations in moiré Fractional Chern Insulators
Fractionally charged elementary excitations, the quasi-electron and quasi-hole, are one of the hallmarks of the fractional Chern insulator (FCI). In this work, we observe that spontaneous spin polarization in twisted MoTe$_2$ leads to multiple species of low-energy quasi-particles distinguished by their spin quantum numbers. We perform large-scale exact diagonalization (ED) calculations to investigate the nature of these excitations and develop a method to extract their fundamental energetic pr…

Flexure-FET-Based Receiver with Competitive Binding for Interference Mitigation in Molecular Communication
Dilara Aktas, Ozgur B. Akan
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22849

Flexure-FET-Based Receiver with Competitive Binding for Interference Mitigation in Molecular Communication
Molecular communication (MC), a biologically inspired technology, enables applications in nanonetworks and the Internet of Everything (IoE), with great potential for intra-body systems such as drug delivery, health monitoring, and disease detection. This paper extends our prior work on the Flexure-FET MC receiver by integrating a competitive binding model to enhance performance in high-interference environments, where multiple molecular species coexist in the reception space. Previous studies h…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18128 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

A cometary Fluorescence Model for the $ν_3$ Vibrational Band of Cyanogen
Cyanogen (\ce{C_2N_2}) is suspected for a long time to be present in comets and to contribute to the creation of CN radical. So far no observations with ground-based facilities managed to detect this species but the Rosetta mission, thanks to in situ observations with the ROSINA mass spectrometer detected this species in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. To investigate its presence from infrared spectra in other comets, we developed a fluorescence model for the $ν_3$ fundamental band. Fro…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.14581 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_qbi…

Non-Markovian Rock-Paper-Scissors games
There is mounting evidence that species interactions often involve long-term memory, with highly-varying waiting times between successive events and long-range temporal correlations. Accounting for memory undermines the common Markovian assumption, and dramatically impacts key ingredients of population dynamics including birth, foraging, predation, and competition processes. Here, we study a critical aspect of population dynamics, namely non-Markovian multi-species competition. This is done in …

Boycott Cruel Dolphin Encounters #AnimalRights

Boycott Cruel Dolphin Encounters — Species Unite

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.00610 has been replaced.
link: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=a

Charging dynamics of electric double layer nanocapacitors in mean-field
An electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) stores energy by modulating the spatial distribution of ions in the electrolytic solution that it contains. We determine the mean-field time scales for planar EDLC relaxation to equilibrium, after a potential difference is applied. We tackle first the fully symmetric case, where positive and negative ionic species have same valence and diffusivity, and then the general, more complex, asymmetric case. Depending on applied voltage and salt concentration, …

mist: MIST protein interaction database (2020)
The Molecular Interaction Search Tool (MIST) is a comprehensive resource of molecular interactions, assembled from severla primary sources. MIST currently supports several species, including:.
This network has 7946 nodes and 250780 edges.
Tags: Biological, Protein interactions, Unweighted

Beam-Gas Interactions in the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Cross Section Measurements and Lifetime Modelling
E. Waagaard, F. Ukena, J. Olsen, R. Alemany Fern\'andez, J. Somoza, G. Weber
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02928

Beam-Gas Interactions in the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Cross Section Measurements and Lifetime Modelling
The acceleration of high-intensity lead (Pb) beams for injection into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is limited by significant losses in the preceding CERN ion injector chain. A potential but largely uncharted source of losses are charge-changing beam interactions such as electron loss or capture with residual gas molecules. These effects potentially impede future ion candidate species requested by the LHC and the CERN fixed-target experiments. To predict the cross sections of charge-changing …

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.10298 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@a…

Heavy-element damage seeding in proteins under XFEL illumination
Serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) captures the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The ultrashort pulse produced by an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) 'outruns' much of the radiation damage that impairs conventional crystallography. However, the rapid onset of 'electronic damage' due to ionization limits this benefit. Here, we distinguish the influence of different atomic species on the ionization of protein crystals by emp…

Boycott Cruel Dolphin Encounters #AnimalRights

Boycott Cruel Dolphin Encounters — Species Unite

Creation of a degenerate Bose-Bose mixture of erbium and lithium atoms
Jasmine Kalia, Jared Rivera, Rubaiya R Emran, William J Solorio Hernandez, Kiryang Kwon, Richard J Fletcher
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.00177

Creation of a degenerate Bose-Bose mixture of erbium and lithium atoms
We report the realization of a degenerate mixture of $^{166}$Er and $^{7}$Li atoms in their lowest spin state. The two species are sequentially laser-cooled and loaded into an optical dipole trap, then transported to a glass cell in which further cooling to degeneracy occurs. Since Er is more weakly trapped, it serves as a coolant for Li, and we observe efficient sympathetic cooling facilitated by a large interspecies elastic scattering cross section. Three-body losses are found to be small at …

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.20956 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_csSD_…

Hybrid Disagreement-Diversity Active Learning for Bioacoustic Sound Event Detection
Bioacoustic sound event detection (BioSED) is crucial for biodiversity conservation but faces practical challenges during model development and training: limited amounts of annotated data, sparse events, species diversity, and class imbalance. To address these challenges efficiently with a limited labeling budget, we apply the mismatch-first farthest-traversal (MFFT), an active learning method integrating committee voting disagreement and diversity analysis. We also refine an existing BioSED da…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17081 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arX…

Lieb-Mattis ordering theorem of electronic energy levels in the thermodynamic limit
Lieb-Mattis theorem orders the lowest-energy states of total spin $s$ of a system of $P$ interacting fermions. We generalize these predictions to fermionic mixtures of $P$ particles with more than $N=2$ spinor components/species in the thermodynamic limit $P\to\infty$. The lowest-energy state inside each permutation symmetry sector $h$, arising in the $P$-fold tensor product decomposition, is well approximated by a U$(N)$ coherent (quasi-classical, variational) state, specially in the limit $P\…

DeepPlantCRE: A Transformer-CNN Hybrid Framework for Plant Gene Expression Modeling and Cross-Species Generalization
Yingjun Wu, Jingyun Huang, Liang Ming, Pengcheng Deng, Maojun Wang, Zeyu Zhang
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09883

DeepPlantCRE: A Transformer-CNN Hybrid Framework for Plant Gene Expression Modeling and Cross-Species Generalization
The investigation of plant transcriptional regulation constitutes a fundamental basis for crop breeding, where cis-regulatory elements (CREs), as the key factor determining gene expression, have become the focus of crop genetic improvement research. Deep learning techniques, leveraging their exceptional capacity for high-dimensional feature extraction and nonlinear regulatory relationship modeling, have been extensively employed in this field. However, current methodologies present notable limi…

Observations of non complex organic molecules in the gas phase of the interstellar medium
Charlotte Vastel, Francesco Fontani
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02641

Observations of non complex organic molecules in the gas phase of the interstellar medium
The field of astrochemistry has seen major advances triggered by the completion of new powerful radio telescopes, with gains in sensitivity of receivers and in bandwidth. To date, about 330 molecular species are detected, in interstellar clouds, circumstellar shells and even extragalactic sources. The first interstellar molecules were first discovered through their electronic transitions in the visual and near UV regions of the spectra in the 1930s. Then the discovery of (pure) rotational trans…

#NewPaper published:
Ingmar Staude et al: Many non-native plant species are threatened in parts of their native range. New Phytologist #newPublication #NatureConservation #AlienSpecies @…

A Precise Metallicity and Carbon-to-Oxygen Ratio for a Warm Giant Exoplanet from its Panchromatic JWST Emission Spectrum
Lindsey S. Wiser, Taylor J. Bell, Michael R. Line, Everett Schlawin, Thomas G. Beatty, Luis Welbanks, Thomas P. Greene, Vivien Parmentier, Matthew M. Murphy, Jonathan J. Fortney, Kenny Arnold, Nishil Mehta, Kazumasa Ohno, Sagnick Mukherjee

A Precise Metallicity and Carbon-to-Oxygen Ratio for a Warm Giant Exoplanet from its Panchromatic JWST Emission Spectrum
WASP-80 b, a warm sub-Jovian (equilibrium temperature ~820 K, 0.5 Jupiter masses), presents an opportunity to characterize a rare gas giant exoplanet around a low-mass star. In addition, its moderate temperature enables its atmosphere to host a range of carbon and oxygen species (H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO, CO$_2$, NH$_3$). In this paper, we present a panchromatic emission spectrum of WASP-80 b, the first gas giant around a late K/early M-dwarf star and the coolest planet for which the James Webb Space…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23850 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@ar…

Bubble-Burst Synthesis of Ammonia, Amino Acids, and Urea Under Ambient, Catalyst-Free Conditions
This study introduces a catalyst-free, ambient-temperature method for synthesizing nitrogen-based compounds critical to fertilizer production, including ammonia, urea, ammonium salts, and amino acids. The process relies on bubble-burst-induced microenvironments, where gas bubbles undergo rapid growth and collapse, releasing intense localized energy sufficient to dissociate nitrogen and water molecules. These high-energy zones produce reactive species, including atomic hydrogen (H*) that facilit…

Hyperspherical Analysis of Dimer-Dimer Scattering in One-Dimensional Systems
Jia Wang, Hui Hu, Xia-Ji Liu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01233 https://

Hyperspherical Analysis of Dimer-Dimer Scattering in One-Dimensional Systems
We present a comprehensive analysis of four-body scattering in one-dimensional (1D) quantum systems using the adiabatic hyperspherical representation (AHR). Focusing on dimer-dimer collisions between two species of fermions interacting via the sinh-cosh potential, we implement the slow variable discretization (SVD) method to overcome numerical challenges posed by sharp avoided crossings in the potential curves. Our numerical approach is benchmarked against exact analytical results available in …

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.14743 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

Geodetic Exploration of the Interior Structure of Enceladus
Enceladus is among the most intriguing bodies in the solar system due to its astrobiological potential. Determining the extent and duration of sustainable habitability requires characterizing the interior properties, and in particular, the extent and distribution of the tidal heating. The intensity of any inferred geophysical activity in the core has direct implications for understanding the hydrothermal activity and the budget of biologically useful species. We build a statistical framework us…

Constructive community race: full-density spiking neural network model drives neuromorphic computing
Johanna Senk, Anno Kurth, Steve Furber, Tobias Gemmeke, Bruno Golosio, Arne Heittmann, James C. Knight, Eric M\"uller, Tobias Noll, Thomas Nowotny, Gorka Peraza Coppola, Luca Peres, Oliver Rhodes, Andrew Rowley, Johannes Schemmel, Tim Stadtmann, Tom Tetzlaff, Gianmarco Tiddia, Sacha J. van Albada, Jos\'e Villamar, Markus Diesmann

Constructive community race: full-density spiking neural network model drives neuromorphic computing
The local circuitry of the mammalian brain is a focus of the search for generic computational principles because it is largely conserved across species and modalities. In 2014 a model was proposed representing all neurons and synapses of the stereotypical cortical microcircuit below $1\,\text{mm}^2$ of brain surface. The model reproduces fundamental features of brain activity but its impact remained limited because of its computational demands. For theory and simulation, however, the model was …

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.10754 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@a…

Conservative velocity mappings for discontinuous Galerkin kinetics
Continuum computational kinetic plasma models evolve the distribution function of a plasma species $f_s$ on a phase-space grid over time. In many problems of interest the distribution function has limited extent in velocity space, hence using a highly refined mesh everywhere would be costly and slow. Nonuniform velocity grids can reduce the computational cost by placing more degrees of freedom where $f_s$ is appreciable and fewer where it is not. In this work we introduce a first-of-its kind di…

#NewPaper out
Maria Milanović et al. (2025) Successful alien plant species exhibit functional dissimilarity from natives under varied climatic conditions but not under increased nutrient availability. Journal of Vegetation Science 36: e70032. #NewPublication #biodiversity #ecology #alienSpecies #functionalTraits #NutNet
#xp

An Assessment of Organics Detection and Characterization on the Surface of Europa with Infrared Spectroscopy
Ishan Mishra, Nikole Lewis, Jonathan Lunine, Kevin P. Hand
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.01842

An Assessment of Organics Detection and Characterization on the Surface of Europa with Infrared Spectroscopy
Organics, if they do exist on Europa, may only be present in trace amounts on the surface. NASA's upcoming mission Europa Clipper is going to provide global, high quality data of the surface of Europa in the near-infrared (NIR), specifically the 3-5~$μ$m region, where organics are rich in spectroscopic features. In this work we investigate Europa Clipper's ability to constrain the abundance of selected trace species of interest that span different chemical bonds found in organics, such as C-H,…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.3472 has been replaced.
link: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=a

Perfect taxon sampling and fixing taxon traceability: Introducing a class of phylogenetically decisive collections of taxon sets
Phylogenetically decisive collections of taxon sets have the property that if trees are chosen for each of their elements, as long as these trees are compatible, the resulting supertree is unique. This means that as long as the trees describing the phylogenetic relationships of the (input) species sets are compatible, they can only be combined into a common supertree in precisely one way. This setting is sometimes also referred to as \enquote{perfect taxon sampling}. While for rooted trees, the…

Bubble-Burst Synthesis of Ammonia, Amino Acids, and Urea Under Ambient, Catalyst-Free Conditions
Jerome J. Cuomo (Jerry), Ian Goodall (Jerry), C. Richard Guarnieri (Jerry), Gennaro (Jerry), Cuomo, Stephen Hudak
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23850

Bubble-Burst Synthesis of Ammonia, Amino Acids, and Urea Under Ambient, Catalyst-Free Conditions
This study introduces a catalyst-free, ambient-temperature method for synthesizing nitrogen-based compounds critical to fertilizer production, including ammonia, urea, ammonium salts, and amino acids. The process relies on bubble-burst-induced microenvironments, where gas bubbles undergo rapid growth and collapse, releasing intense localized energy sufficient to dissociate nitrogen and water molecules. These high-energy zones produce reactive species, including atomic hydrogen (H*) that facilit…

Modeling the Monty Hall Decision Problem with Reaction Kinetics
Oliver Steinbock, Wen Zhu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.15824 https://ar…

Modeling the Monty Hall Decision Problem with Reaction Kinetics
Using the Monty Hall probability problem as a model system, we ask whether simple chemical reaction mechanisms can implement optimal strategies for non-trivial decision making. In this puzzle, a contestant chooses one of three doors (only one hides a prize), the host, knowing the content, opens another door revealing no prize, and finally the contestant must decide whether to stay with the original choice or switch to the remaining closed door. Assigning distinct molecular species to the player…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.3472 has been replaced.
link: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=a

Perfect taxon sampling and fixing taxon traceability: Introducing a class of phylogenetically decisive collections of taxon sets
Phylogenetically decisive collections of taxon sets have the property that if trees are chosen for each of their elements, as long as these trees are compatible, the resulting supertree is unique. This means that as long as the trees describing the phylogenetic relationships of the (input) species sets are compatible, they can only be combined into a common supertree in precisely one way. This setting is sometimes also referred to as \enquote{perfect taxon sampling}. While for rooted trees, the…

Response to comment on Mutualism weaken the latitudinal diversity gradient among oceanic islands
Camille Delavaux, Thomas Crowther, James Bever, Evan Gora
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21006

Response to comment on Mutualism weaken the latitudinal diversity gradient among oceanic islands
In our original paper (Delavaux et al. 2024; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07110-y), we find that the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) in plant species richness is reduced on oceanic islands worldwide. Moreover, we find that plants that associate with mutualists, including pollinators, AM fungi, and N-fixing bacteria, disproportionately contribute to this reduction. To make this assertion, we fit models of continental diversity to absolute latitude and compared mainland diversi…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17257 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_qbi…

What is a chemostat? Insights from hybrid dynamics and stochastic thermodynamics
At the microscopic scale, open chemical reaction networks are described by stochastic reactions that follow mass-action kinetics and are coupled to chemostats. We show that closed chemical reaction networks -- with specific stoichiometries imposed by mass-action kinetics -- behave like open ones in the limit where the abundances of a subset of species become macroscopic, thus playing the role of chemostats. We prove that this limit is thermodynamically consistent by recovering the local detaile…

Pan-tropical plant functional trait variation from space
David Schimel, Andres Baresch, Adam Chlus, Phil Townsend, Fabian Schneider, Gaia Vaglio Laurin, Ben Poulter
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19199

Pan-tropical plant functional trait variation from space
Plant functional trait variation in tropical forests is central to predicting ecosystem responses to change. Informaiton on traits is limited relative to the diversity of climate, landforms, disturbance regimes and species present. These traits are central to modeled predictions of ecosystem change. We used a new spaceborne imagining spectrometer from the Italian Space Agency to sample roughly 1% of the tropical moist forest biome for traits along the Leaf Economics Spectrum, as well as data to…